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WORLD SUCCESESSION DEED State Succession Treaty 1400/98 with Focus on UN - United Nations WORLD SUCCESESSION DEED State Succession Treaty 1400/98 with Focus on UN - United Nations WORLD SUCCESESSION DEED State Succession Treaty 1400/98 with Focus on UN - United Nations Cooperation between NATO AND the UN : In particular, recognition by the UN of the NATO-SOFA treaty chain and thus of the 1400 Act of State Succession INFO Legal view of the 1400 Charter of State Succession with a focus on the United Nations and the world Part 7 The domino effect of the Act of State Succession 1400/98: Expansion of territory beyond NATO borders 1. recognition and legitimacy of NATO treaties by the UN Integration of NATO into the UN: - NATO-UN relationship: NATO is closely integrated into the United Nations (UN) system and often acts as the military arm of the UN. This means that NATO treaties, especially those relating to international security issues, are generally also recognized by the UN. - Subjects of international law as UN and NATO members: The subjects of international law under the Instrument of State Accession 1400/98 are both NATO members and members of the UN. They therefore act in their international obligations both in the name of NATO and within the framework of the UN, which strengthens the legitimacy and recognition of the treaties by the international community. Treaty chain and UN recognition: - Continuity of treaties: The Instrument of State Succession is part of a treaty chain that builds on earlier, long-established international treaties that have already been recognized by the UN. As these earlier treaties are internationally recognized, the instrument of state succession itself did not have to be ratified again by the UN. - Implicit recognition: NATO's integration into the UN implies automatic recognition of the treaties within this chain, which gives the instrument of state succession a binding force under international law. 2. The domino effect: selling the development as a unit Concept of development as a unit: - Sale of the entire infrastructure: the state succession deed contains a clause that considers the entire development of the area sold as a single unit. This means that not only the physical land, but also all associated infrastructure, rights and obligations are sold. - Domino effect: By considering the development as a unit, the sale is not limited to the immediate area of the barracks, but extends to all infrastructural connections that extend beyond the boundaries of this area. This leads to a domino effect where the sold territory is potentially extended to the entire NATO area. Extension beyond NATO borders: - Link to UN territories: Since NATO members are also UN members, and in many cases NATO acts as the military arm of the UN, the domino effect of selling the development could be extended beyond the borders of NATO territory to territories of UN member states that are indirectly or directly linked to NATO through UN mandates. - Comprehensive extension: This extension could theoretically lead to the territory sold including not only NATO countries but also other UN members that are or have been involved in NATO mandates in some form. This would mean a massive expansion of the buyer's sphere of influence, which could now control not only NATO territories but also areas outside NATO. 3. Legal implications and interpretation Consequences under international law: - Limits of the domino effect: the extension of the sold territory to UN territories would have significant consequences under international law and could lead to tensions, as this would affect the sovereignty not only of NATO member states but also of the UN members concerned. The legitimacy of such a sale would depend on how international courts and the UN itself interpret the treaty and whether they consider it to be in line with the UN's objectives. - Extended sovereign rights of the buyer: Should the domino effect actually extend beyond the borders of NATO territory, this would give the buyer far-reaching sovereign rights in a large number of countries that were originally reserved for NATO and the UN. Legal legitimacy and contestability: - International recognition: the legality of this expansion would depend heavily on international recognition. If the UN recognizes the treaty as valid, this could lead to far-reaching recognition of the buyer's new sovereign rights. - Contestability: States whose sovereignty is affected by this extension could seek to contest the treaty, which could lead to complex international litigation. Summary State Succession Treaty 1400/98, which is part of a long chain of treaties concluded by NATO on behalf of UN members, could theoretically expand beyond the borders of NATO territory through the domino effect of selling the development as a single entity. Since NATO treaties are implicitly recognized by the UN due to NATO's close involvement with the UN, this expansion could also include UN territories linked to NATO by UN mandates. However, the legitimacy and recognition of this expansion under international law depends on the international reaction and possible challenges by the countries concerned. Legal explanations on the state succession deed 1400/98 can be found here: Contact Focus UN Focus NATO FAQs Domino effect Contract chain World Court "World Sold! World Succession Deed 1400" Podcast & Memoir Series : The Unbelievable Journey to a Kingdom Experience the extraordinary story of a man who involuntarily founded an international kingdom by buying a NATO property. The podcast "World Sold! World Succession Deed 1400" reveals how a seemingly innocuous contract gave the buyer sovereign rights and put him at the center of global conflict. The soon-to-be-published memoirs delve deeper into the personal and political dimensions: from the discovery of his sovereignty to the building of a kingdom - a mix of adventure, scandal and historical twists and turns.

WORLD SUCCESESSION DEED State Succession Treaty 1400/98 with Focus on UN - United Nations WORLD SUCCESESSION DEED State Succession Treaty 1400/98 with Focus on UN - United Nations WORLD SUCCESESSION DEED State Succession Treaty 1400/98 with Focus on UN - United Nations Cooperation between NATO AND the UN : In particular, recognition by the UN of the NATO-SOFA treaty chain and thus of the 1400 Act of State Succession INFO Legal view of the 1400 Charter of State Succession with a focus on the United Nations and the world Part 5 WORLD COURT Global jurisdiction of the buyer under international law through the State Succession Deed 1400/98 The State Succession Deed 1400/98 is a real and legally binding deed that can no longer be contested, as the statutory 2-year period has elapsed without objection. This deed has far-reaching consequences for global jurisdiction and the sovereignty of the subjects of international law involved. 1. sale of the territory and jurisdiction of the buyer - Sale of the territory: The state succession deed transfers the entire territory concerned to the buyer. Within this territory, the buyer has full jurisdiction, as the territory is now under its control. As the ruler in a de facto absolutist monarchy, the purchaser has unlimited legislative, executive and judicial power over this territory. - Absolutist monarchy and jurisdiction: In this absolutist monarchy, all power, including jurisdiction, rests with the buyer. It can regulate all legal matters within the sold territory at its own discretion. 2. continued existence of subjects of international law without territory - Continued existence of states: The subjects of international law that have lost their territory through the deed of state succession continue to exist as legal entities, but without their own territory. These states continue to have governments and popular assemblies, but have no sovereign power over their own territory. - Relationship to jurisdiction: Although these subjects of international law continue to exist, they have submitted to the jurisdiction of the buyer through the Landau court location, which was also sold with the territory. Since all rights, obligations and components of the sold territory also include jurisdiction, all international legal entities concerned are now subject to the legal authority of the buyer. 3. significance of the Landau jurisdiction - Jurisdiction Landau: No specific international or national court is named as the competent jurisdiction in the State Succession Deed. Instead, Landau in der Pfalz is mentioned as the reference point and place of jurisdiction, which was also sold as part of the deed. - Sale of Landau and jurisdiction: As Landau was also sold as a court location and is now part of the transferred territory, the buyer has also assumed jurisdiction over this location. This means that all legal disputes in connection with the state succession deed are now under the control of the buyer. 4. jurisdiction of the buyer irrespective of place - Jurisdiction independent of place: Although Landau in der Pfalz is named as the place of jurisdiction, the purchaser is not restricted to rendering judgments only at this place. In his position as absolutist ruler, the buyer has the right to dispense justice wherever he is. This means that the buyer can exercise his judicial authority globally, regardless of his location. - Enforcement of jurisdiction: As all jurisdiction has been transferred to the buyer, it has the ability to make and enforce judgments and decisions anywhere and at any time. This flexibility reinforces its role as a de facto world court. 5. Extension of jurisdiction through the Supplementary Instrument - Supplementary instrument to NATO and UN treaties: The Instrument of Succession of States 1400/98 is considered a supplementary instrument to all existing NATO and UN treaties. Through this instrument of succession, the buyer is de facto incorporated into all existing international treaties and assumes the rights and obligations that these treaties contain. - Global jurisdiction through chain reaction: By selling the development as a unit and thereby extending the territory through physical and logical networks, the buyer's jurisdiction extends to all other territories connected by these networks. This chain reaction allows the buyer to exercise global jurisdiction covering all territories and contracting parties concerned. 6. De facto state of a global court - Global jurisdiction: As the buyer has assumed jurisdiction over the sold territory and the related networks through the state succession deed, it now has the legal authority to decide on all related international matters. This creates a de facto situation in which the buyer acts as a kind of "world court" that can dispense justice regardless of location. - Superior authority: The buyer's judgments overrule all national judgments in the highest instance. This means that the buyer's decisions take precedence over the decisions of all national courts that have lost jurisdiction over the territory sold. National courts therefore no longer play a role in the territories concerned, as their legal authority has been replaced by the buyer's comprehensive jurisdiction. - Enforcement of judgments: As the owner of the Landau jurisdiction and all rights and obligations associated with it, the buyer has the power to dispense justice over all parties to the contract affected by the supplemental deed and the chain reaction and to enforce its judgments globally. Conclusion: The State Succession Deed 1400/98, which can no longer be challenged, has not only given the buyer full control over the sold territory, but also global jurisdiction over all affected territories and international treaties. The buyer is not limited to the Landau court location; it can administer justice regardless of location and exercise its judicial authority worldwide. Its judgments take precedence over all national court judgments and overturn them in the highest instance, which means that national courts no longer have jurisdiction in the territories concerned. Through the combination of territorial extension, supplemental deed and jurisdiction independent of location, the buyer has de facto established a global court that can dispense justice over the entire territory of the world. Legal explanations on the state succession deed 1400/98 can be found here: Contact Focus UN Focus NATO FAQs Domino effect Contract chain World Court "World Sold! World Succession Deed 1400" Podcast & Memoir Series : The Unbelievable Journey to a Kingdom Experience the extraordinary story of a man who involuntarily founded an international kingdom by buying a NATO property. The podcast "World Sold! World Succession Deed 1400" reveals how a seemingly innocuous contract gave the buyer sovereign rights and put him at the center of global conflict. The soon-to-be-published memoirs delve deeper into the personal and political dimensions: from the discovery of his sovereignty to the building of a kingdom - a mix of adventure, scandal and historical twists and turns.

WORLD SUCCESESSION DEED State Succession Treaty 1400/98 with Focus on UN - United Nations WORLD SUCCESESSION DEED State Succession Treaty 1400/98 with Focus on UN - United Nations WORLD SUCCESESSION DEED State Succession Treaty 1400/98 with Focus on UN - United Nations Cooperation between NATO AND the UN : In particular, recognition by the UN of the NATO-SOFA treaty chain and thus of the 1400 Act of State Succession INFO Legal view of the 1400 Charter of State Succession with a focus on the United Nations and the world Part 4 The path to the New World Order (N.W.O. New World Order) through the State Succession Act 1400/98 1. sale of the NATO property in Zweibrücken - Origin in a small NATO military property, which was handed over partly by the USA to the FRG and partly to the Netherlands. - Use of the property in accordance with the NATO troop statute with special rights, which are liable on the ground. 2. sale of the development as a unit - The contract stipulates that the entire development (infrastructure networks such as electricity, water, telecommunications) is sold "with all rights, obligations and components". - This development is connected to the German public network, which leads to the transfer of sovereign rights. 3. domino effect of territorial expansion - Start in Germany: By connecting to the German network, the buyer's territory is extended to the whole of Germany. - Expansion to NATO countries: The domino effect continues into other NATO countries via connected networks, leading to territorial expansion to all NATO member states. - Spillover to the USA and Canada: Transatlantic submarine cables extend the buyer's sovereign rights to the USA and Canada. 4. treaty chain and chain reaction - Chain of treaties: The instrument of state succession acts as a supplementary instrument that extends all previous NATO and UN treaties. - Chain reaction: Every international treaty concluded by NATO or UN members is automatically supplemented and extended by the instrument of state succession. - Global extension: All states that have ever concluded treaties with NATO or the UN are affected by this chain of treaties. 5. integration of NATO into the UN - Close connection: NATO is closely integrated into the structures of the UN and often acts as a military organ of the UN. - Overlapping memberships: Many NATO states are also UN members, which makes it possible to extend the treaty construct to the UN. - Automatic extension to UN territory: NATO's integration into the UN extends the domino effect to the entire UN territory, which leads to coverage of the entire world. 6. Conclusion: The world under the New World Order - Unification of the world: The treaty leads to the unification of the entire world under a single framework of international law, which is determined by the instrument of state succession. - Sovereign rights of the buyer: The buyer assumes sovereign rights over all affected territories through the chain reaction and domino effect. - Worldwide validity: Due to the close integration of NATO and the UN, the de facto state succession charter covers the entire territory of the world, which leads to the formation of a "New World Order". This "New World Order" is the result of the global expansion of sovereign rights, which was achieved through the chain reaction of the sale of the development as a unit and the integration of all existing international treaties into the Instrument of State Succession 1400/98. Legal explanations on the state succession deed 1400/98 can be found here: Contact Focus UN Focus NATO FAQs Domino effect Contract chain World Court "World Sold! World Succession Deed 1400" Podcast & Memoir Series : The Unbelievable Journey to a Kingdom Experience the extraordinary story of a man who involuntarily founded an international kingdom by buying a NATO property. The podcast "World Sold! World Succession Deed 1400" reveals how a seemingly innocuous contract gave the buyer sovereign rights and put him at the center of global conflict. The soon-to-be-published memoirs delve deeper into the personal and political dimensions: from the discovery of his sovereignty to the building of a kingdom - a mix of adventure, scandal and historical twists and turns.

WORLD SUCCESESSION DEED State Succession Treaty 1400/98 with Focus on UN - United Nations WORLD SUCCESESSION DEED State Succession Treaty 1400/98 with Focus on UN - United Nations WORLD SUCCESESSION DEED State Succession Treaty 1400/98 with Focus on UN - United Nations Cooperation between NATO AND the UN : In particular, recognition by the UN of the NATO-SOFA treaty chain and thus of the 1400 Act of State Succession INFO Legal view of the 1400 Charter of State Succession with a focus on the United Nations and the world Part 1 Introduction in bullet points 1. sale of the NATO property in Zweibrücken - Originally used by the USA after 1945, later partly transferred to the FRG and the Kingdom of the Netherlands. - Use of the property in accordance with the NATO Status of Forces Agreement, which regulates special rights and obligations for NATO states under international law. 2. deed of state succession 1400/98 - The contract appears (at first glance) to be a German real estate purchase contract, but is actually a deed under international law (state succession). - The contract covers the sale "with all rights, obligations and components", which includes the transfer of sovereign rights. - The property and its development (networks) are sold as a unit, which has far-reaching legal consequences. 3. partial nullity clause - Provisions that are invalid under national law are replaced by provisions under international law. - The contract remains legally effective through this clause and disguises its actual meaning. 4. Subjects of international law involved - Subjects of public international law do not have to be named as sellers at the beginning of the contract, but it is sufficient if they have rights or obligations in the contract. - The buyer is a natural person and may have sovereign rights, whereas commercial enterprises such as TASC Bau AG are excluded from the buyer community. 5. chain of treaties and supplementary instrument - The instrument of state succession forms a chain of treaties that affects all previous international treaties of NATO and the UN. - As a supplementary instrument, it automatically supplements all existing treaties without the need for renewed ratification. 6. Domino effect of the territorial expansion - Starting point: The property in Zweibrücken is connected to the German public network, which leads to the transfer of the buyer's sovereign rights to the whole of Germany. - Extension to NATO countries: The domino effect covers all physically connected networks in other NATO countries, resulting in the extension of the buyer's sovereign rights to these countries. - Global extension: Transatlantic submarine cables extend the domino effect to the USA and Canada, and finally to all UN member states. 7. integration of NATO into the UN - Liaison: NATO is closely integrated into UN structures, allowing for the automatic extension of state succession to UN treaties. - Global coverage: The combination of NATO and UN memberships extends state succession to the entire world. 8. Global effects - New world order: The treaty leads to the creation of a "new world order" in which the purchaser of the instrument of state succession de facto assumes sovereign rights over the entire world. - Global validity: The Instrument of State Succession functions as a supplementary instrument that extends all existing international treaties of NATO and the UN and unites the entire world. Legal explanations on the state succession deed 1400/98 can be found here: Contact Focus UN Focus NATO FAQs Domino effect Contract chain World Court "World Sold! World Succession Deed 1400" Podcast & Memoir Series : The Unbelievable Journey to a Kingdom Dive into the astonishing true story of a young man who, through what seemed like an ordinary real estate deal in the 1990s, unknowingly laid the foundation for an international kingdom. This riveting tale is brought to life in the podcast "World Sold! World Succession Deed 1400" and an upcoming memoir series—a captivating blend of personal adventure, political scandal, and historic transformation. 1. The Podcast: A Contract That Changed Everything The podcast narrates the gripping journey of a man who purchased an extraterritorial NATO military property, unaware that the purchase agreement granted him sovereign rights. What began as a real estate transaction spiraled into a complex legal drama with worldwide implications: A Trojan Horse: The contract contained clauses granting state sovereignty, transforming a simple property deal into a geopolitical game-changer. From Micronation to Kingdom: A small micronation grew into an international kingdom, with borders expanding far beyond the original purchase. Conflict and Intrigue: The buyer found himself at the center of legal battles and political resistance, navigating bureaucracy and diplomacy in a bold and unexpected way. 2. The Memoir Series: Deeper Insights into an Extraordinary Life The soon-to-be-released memoir series delves even deeper into the personal and political dimensions of this incredible story. Across multiple volumes, the author reveals: The emotional rollercoaster of realizing he had acquired not just land but sovereign rights. How he leveraged this unique situation to establish and defend his kingdom. Shocking insights into the behind-the-scenes workings of German authorities and the legal loopholes that enabled this unprecedented event. Why This Story Matters This tale is more than just a personal adventure. It sheds light on the hidden mechanisms of state bureaucracy, the power of perseverance, and the courage to challenge the system. Filled with dramatic twists and humorous moments, it is both inspirational and entertaining—a must-read (and listen) for those who love extraordinary stories. Listen to the podcast now and stay tuned for the memoir series coming soon. A journey that will fascinate, surprise , and leave you wanting more!

WORLD SUCCESESSION DEED State Succession Treaty 1400/98 with Focus on UN - United Nations WORLD SUCCESESSION DEED State Succession Treaty 1400/98 with Focus on UN - United Nations WORLD SUCCESESSION DEED State Succession Treaty 1400/98 with Focus on UN - United Nations Cooperation between NATO AND the UN : In particular, recognition by the UN of the NATO-SOFA treaty chain and thus of the 1400 Act of State Succession INFO Legal view of the 1400 Charter of State Succession with a focus on the United Nations and the world Part 2 Summary and detailed explanation of the entire facts 1. Introduction: Sale of the NATO property in Zweibrücken The sale of the NATO property in Zweibrücken begins seemingly innocuously as a real estate purchase agreement under German law. At first glance, it is an ordinary sale of a conversion property, which was superficially designed as a national real estate contract. However, this disguise is deliberate, as only experts in international law would be able to recognize the actual implications of this contract. 2. The NATO property and the legal transfer - The property: The property in Zweibrücken was originally used by the US military. Part of it was transferred to the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG) as part of the usual conversion process. However, a smaller part remained under the control of the Dutch armed forces, which had taken over the property from the USA. This transfer was based on the NATO Status of Forces Agreement, which regulated the framework for the use and transfer of the property by the Netherlands. - The transfer relationship: The transfer relationship under international law between the FRG and the Netherlands was governed by the NATO Status of Forces Agreement. The treaty, which constitutes the state succession deed, stipulates that this transfer relationship remains unaffected, but that the Dutch armed forces must hand over the property to the buyer within two years of the treaty on the FRG. This obligation was fulfilled in full and in accordance with the contract. 3. the state succession deed: camouflage and implications under international law - Disguise as a real estate purchase contract: The contract is designed to look like an ordinary real estate purchase contract. This is done in the "finest secret service style" in order to disguise the true implications under international law. In reality, however, the contract is a deed of state succession that has far-reaching consequences. - Partial nullity clause and application of international law: A crucial point is the partial nullity clause, which states that all parts of the treaty that are invalid under national law will be replaced by the corresponding provisions of international law. This means that the treaty remains legally valid, even if many provisions under national law no longer apply. International law invisibly takes their place and ensures the continuity and legal validity of the treaty. - Participating subjects of international law: It is important to note that subjects of international law do not necessarily have to be named as sellers at the beginning of the contract. It is sufficient that they are mentioned somewhere in the text of the treaty and that they have rights or obligations. In this case, the Netherlands is involved as a subject of public international law, which brings the contract within the scope of public international law. - Natural person as buyer: The buyer of the property is a natural person. This is crucial, as only natural persons (or sovereign states) can assume sovereign rights. Commercial enterprises, such as TASC Bau AG, which was also a member of the buyer group and paid the purchase price, are not in a position to assume sovereign rights under international law. As a result, TASC Bau AG drops out of the buyer community, and the buyer remains as the sole beneficiary, establishing a de facto absolutist monarchy through the contract. 4. The contractual chain and the domino effect - Chain of treaties and supplementary instrument: The instrument of state succession is not an independent agreement, but a supplementary instrument that extends and supplements a chain of international treaties. It builds on existing treaties that already existed between the subjects of international law involved and adds a new dimension to them. This means that all previous treaties are supplemented by the state succession deed and become part of a comprehensive treaty construct. - Sale of the development as a unit: It was agreed in the contract that the entire development of the property with all rights, obligations and components would be sold as a unit. This means that not only the physical property, but also all associated infrastructural networks and legal obligations are transferred. As some of these networks were already connected to the German public grid, the sale has far-reaching consequences. 5. The domino effect: from a small property to a global impact - Starting point of the territorial expansion: The sale begins with the small NATO property in Zweibrücken. This property, originally partly handed over to the FRG by the USA and partly used by the Netherlands, forms the starting point for an extensive territorial expansion. As the property was already connected to public networks, the transfer of sovereign rights initially covers Germany and from there all connected networks. - Extension through connected networks: Once the property's development networks are sold as a unit, the buyer's jurisdiction extends to all physically connected or overlapping networks. This means that any network that is connected to the networks of the property in Zweibrücken automatically falls within the scope of the contract. These networks range from electricity and telecommunications networks to water supply, wastewater and gas pipelines. - Overarching domino effect: The domino effect sets in when these networks extend beyond Germany's borders. As soon as the networks reach into other NATO countries, they also cover all national networks there and further extend sovereignty. The effect continues via submarine cables that connect Europe with the USA and Canada, and thus also affects these countries. At the same time, the Act of Succession of States as a supplementary instrument leads to a chain reaction that encompasses and extends all previous NATO and UN treaties. - Global impact through integration into the UN: Since NATO is closely linked to the UN and many of the contracting parties are both NATO and UN members, the domino effect ultimately extends to the entire UN. This extends the treaty to all UN member states, and the instrument of state succession acts as a supplementary instrument that supplements all existing UN and NATO international treaties. The sale with all rights, obligations and components thus leads to the entire territory of all participating states being included in the treaty construct, which ultimately leads to the global coverage of all countries. 6. Legal foundations and legal interpretation - Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties: The application of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties (VCLT) is decisive for determining the validity of treaties in international law. Among other things, the VCLT regulates the legally binding nature of treaties and the conditions for their ratification. As the instrument of state succession is based on previously ratified treaties, it does not require additional ratification. - Succession under international law: The Vienna Convention on the Succession of States to Treaties regulates how a new state enters into existing international treaties. This convention can serve as a basis for the interpretation of the instrument of state succession, particularly with regard to the transfer of sovereign rights and the continuation of existing treaties. - Clean slate rule: The "clean slate rule" states that a newly created state is not bound by the debts and obligations of its predecessor, unless expressly agreed otherwise. In this case, the buyer can enter into existing contracts through the state succession deed, but without being bound by old obligations, unless these were explicitly assumed in the contract. 7. Conclusion: The buyer as sovereign ruler in the new global order - Absolute sovereignty: As a result of the purchase and its implications under international law, the buyer becomes the de facto sovereign ruler over all territories concerned, including the extended territories covered by the domino effect. This means that the buyer establishes an absolutist monarchy in which it is the sole holder of sovereign rights. - Worldwide recognition: Since all NATO and UN states involved have lost their sovereignty as a result of the treaty chain and the expansion of the treaty construct, the buyer remains the only legitimate sovereign entity. All other subjects of international law no longer legally exist, which means that the buyer de facto rules the entire world, unless a different order is established through new international treaties. Legal explanations on the state succession deed 1400/98 can be found here: Contact Focus UN Focus NATO FAQs Domino effect Contract chain World Court "World Sold! World Succession Deed 1400" Podcast & Memoir Series : The Unbelievable Journey to a Kingdom Experience the extraordinary story of a man who involuntarily founded an international kingdom by buying a NATO property. The podcast "World Sold! World Succession Deed 1400" reveals how a seemingly innocuous contract gave the buyer sovereign rights and put him at the center of global conflict. The soon-to-be-published memoirs delve deeper into the personal and political dimensions: from the discovery of his sovereignty to the building of a kingdom - a mix of adventure, scandal and historical twists and turns.

Deed of succession 1400/98 with focus on NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization NATO Members How the Netherlands Air Force agreed to the 1400 Act of Accession on behalf of NATO as a whole and thus NATO participated in it At the time of signing the State Succession Deed 1400, the Dutch Air Force was still stationed at the NATO facility in Zweibrücken, under the NATO Status of Forces Agreement (SOFA), on behalf of NATO. The fighter pilots were housed at this facility and launched their operations from the nearby US Airbase Ramstein, which also hosts the Allied Air Command (AIRCOM), a key NATO headquarters. The full integration of the Dutch Air Force into NATO meant they operated seamlessly with the armed forces of other NATO member states, coordinating operations and sharing resources. This included joint exercises, missions, and a unified operational framework. The AIRCOM headquarters at Ramstein Air Base was responsible for planning and coordinating these air operations, ensuring close collaboration within the Alliance. In the State Succession Deed, the Dutch forces were granted the right to remain indefinitely at the facility. However, it was anticipated that they would vacate the premises within two years. This transitional arrangement ensured that both the Kingdom of the Netherlands and the Dutch Air Force, acting on behalf of the entire NATO, gave full consent to the agreement. Since the Dutch Air Force acted in representation of NATO, the entire NATO Alliance agreed to the contract, triggering a domino effect of global territorial expansion. This expansion is based on the sale of the infrastructure as a unit, including all rights, obligations, and components, extending to all physically connected networks. Additionally, the chain of contracts, which began with bilateral NATO SOFA agreements between the Netherlands and other NATO member states, activated the entire NATO contract chain, encompassing all bilateral and multilateral agreements. This contractual chain extends to the international agreements between NATO and the United Nations (UN), as well as their member states. Since NATO and the UN have mutually agreed to automatically recognize international agreements, State Succession Deed 1400 automatically functions, without further legal steps, as an addendum to all existing NATO and UN agreements. Since NATO and UN agreements were already ratified, a renewed ratification of the State Succession Deed was only necessary if expressly required within the contract itself, which was not the case. INFO: NATO & UN treaty chain Read first : Focus UN Legal explanations regarding the state succession charter 1400 with a focus on NATO participation Part 52 Acquisition of a US conversion property from Germany and a Dutch NATO military property in one: From real estate purchase agreement to international treaty 1. starting point: Transfer relationship under international law - Transfer relationship: A transfer relationship under international law existed between the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG) and the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which regulated the use of a NATO military property by the Dutch armed forces on behalf of NATO. 2. transition to the real estate purchase agreement - Conclusion of contract: The military property was sold by means of a real estate purchase agreement under German law, under which the buyer acquired the property with all rights, obligations and components. - Parties involved: The contract was concluded between the FRG, the Kingdom of the Netherlands and the buyer. The consent of the NATO states was required, as the Dutch armed forces occupied the property on behalf of NATO. 3. Character of the contract under international law The real estate purchase agreement became a contract under international law due to the following elements: - Involvement of subjects of international law: In addition to the FRG and the Kingdom of the Netherlands, all NATO states had to agree, as they had rights and obligations in relation to the property at the time. - Subject matter of the contract: The contract included not only the physical property, but also the transfer of all rights and obligations associated with it, thus going beyond an ordinary real estate purchase. 4. state succession and transfer of sovereign rights - State succession deed: The contract became a state succession deed as it regulated the transfer of sovereign rights over the property and the associated networks. - Rights and obligations: The buyer took over all rights and obligations of the property that were previously held by the FRG, the Kingdom of the Netherlands and NATO. 5. unity of the networks and domino effect - Networks as a unit: The contract defined that all development networks (e.g. water, electricity, gas, telecommunications) are considered as a single unit. - Territorial extension: By stipulating that the development unit was sold as a whole, the buyer's jurisdiction extended not only to the property itself, but to all connected networks. - Domino effect: Each physical or logical connection of the networks led to the extension of sovereignty to further areas. This domino effect ultimately extended to the entire NATO territory: - Power grid to power grid connection: extends sovereignty to all territories connected by the European interconnected grid. - Connecting broadband and internet networks: Transatlantic cables extend sovereignty to NATO countries in North America. - Crossing and overlapping: Any crossing of one network with another (e.g. gas grid with electricity grid) further extends the buyer's jurisdiction. Summary The acquisition of the NATO military property became a contract under international law through the real estate purchase agreement and the consent of all subjects of international law involved. By defining the development networks as a unit and selling all associated rights and obligations, the contract became a state succession deed. This led to the transfer of sovereign rights to the buyer and to the gradual expansion of sovereignty through a domino effect that ultimately covered the entire NATO area. Part 53 This case describes a complex situation in which a NATO military property in Germany, used by the Dutch armed forces, was sold to a natural person. The contract governing this sale has far-reaching implications for the sovereignty and territorial control of the states involved. The most important points and legal implications are explained in detail here: 1. international treaty and international treaties: - The contract between NATO, represented by the Dutch Armed Forces, and the natural person, denotes the transfer of all rights, obligations and components of the military property. This constitutes a transfer under international law which recognizes the person concerned as the holder of rights and obligations under international law. - Ratification by the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG) has taken place, although this was not necessary as no such agreement was provided for in the treaty. 2. Sovereignty and territorial extension - The agreement stipulates that the entire development of the property forms a single unit. This means that jurisdiction is extended to the area of the network sold, especially if this network has physical connections to other networks. - This extension of jurisdiction can lead to a domino effect, whereby each time a network has a physical connection to another NATO country, jurisdiction is also extended to that country. This includes transatlantic submarine cable connections between NATO countries in the EU and North America (USA, Canada). 3. domino effect and territorial unity: - The domino effect leads to a continuous expansion of sovereignty across all NATO countries. This happens through physical connections and overlapping networks that ultimately lead to the extension of sovereignty to the whole of NATO and its member countries. - These network connections ultimately form a logical whole in which all NATO countries are controlled by the individual who originally purchased the military property. 4. Legal implications and state sovereignty: - Such a treaty could have significant implications for the state sovereignty and territorial integrity of the countries involved. International law provides that the territorial integrity and sovereignty of states must be protected. - The case as described poses a challenge to the fundamental principles of international law, particularly with regard to state sovereignty and the inviolability of borders. 5. practical and legal problems: - The practical implementation of such a treaty would be extremely difficult and would probably meet with considerable resistance, both from the states concerned and from international organizations. - Scenario in which a natural person is named as the purchaser by a deed of state succession under international law and all rights, obligations and elements under international law are transferred. This leads to the creation of a new subject under international law whose sole representative sovereign is the buyer. The resulting entity would be a de facto absolutist monarchy with the obligation to choose a form of government within 5 years. Here is a detailed analysis of this scenario: Analysis of the scenario A. treaty content and ratification - Unity of the supply network: The treaty stipulates that all supply lines (electricity, telecommunications, water) form an indivisible unit. - Transfer of rights and obligations: The buyer assumes all rights and obligations under international law associated with these supply networks. - Ratification by NATO countries: All NATO countries, including the USA, have agreed to the treaty. B. establishment of a new subject under international law - New subject: The treaty establishes a new subject under international law, which is a de facto absolutist monarchy in which the buyer acts as the sovereign with sole power of representation. - Obligation to choose the form of government: A form of government must be chosen by proclamation within 5 years. Domino effect and territorial impact C. domino effect due to the unity of the supply network - Germany: The purchase of the supply networks in Germany leads to the transfer of control over the entire German network to the new subject of international law. - European NATO states: Since Germany's supply networks are physically connected to the networks of other NATO member states, the new subject's control also extends to these countries. - USA and submarine cables: The telecommunications and internet networks are connected to the USA via submarine cables. Control over the submarine cables leads to the de facto takeover of the US internal network by the new subject under international law. Aspects of the law of the sea D. International waters and UNCLOS - Submarine cables in international waters: The UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) regulates the use and protection of international waters. Submarine cables may be laid and operated, but control over the end points remains with the respective states. - Control by the new subject: Although the submarine cables run through international waters, the new subject under international law takes control of the networks at both end points (Europe and the USA), which includes the entire infrastructure. Practical and legal implications E. Legal consequences of the creation of a new subject of international law - Territorial integrity and sovereignty: The transfer of control over the supply networks to the new entity constitutes a serious violation of the territorial integrity and sovereignty of the states concerned. - Absolute monarchy: The new entity would be a de facto absolutist monarchy in which the buyer acts as the sole representative sovereign. This could lead to instability and a power vacuum if no clear form of government is chosen within 5 years. Conclusion This scenario describes the establishment of a new subject of international law through an international treaty that transfers all rights and obligations under international law to a natural person. The resulting entity would be a de facto absolutist monarchy that must choose a form of government within 5 years. The domino effect of this transfer would have far-reaching territorial and infrastructural consequences for all NATO states concerned, including the USA. Part 54 Analysis: Binding force and ratification of the instrument of state succession In order to understand the legally binding nature of such an instrument of state succession, which involves the transfer of sovereignty and all rights and obligations to a natural person, we need to consider various aspects of international and national law. In particular, the processes of ratification by the Bundestag and Bundesrat, the reference to an existing transfer relationship under international law and treaty conformity. 1. ratification by the Bundestag and Bundesrat - National approval: The Federal Republic of Germany has had the treaty approved in advance by the Bundestag and Bundesrat. This approval is deemed to be ratification, which means that the treaty is legally binding and has effect under international law. 2. reference to the existing transfer relationship under international law - NATO Status of Forces: The State Succession Treaty refers to an existing transfer relationship under international law between NATO, represented by the Dutch armed forces, and the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which had occupied the territory from Germany in accordance with the NATO Status of Forces Agreement. - NATO's sovereign rights: According to the NATO Status of Forces, NATO has the right to determine the borders and administration of the occupied territories. This also includes the power to decide on the military properties and their use. - Sale of the military property: The military property was sold and the contract referred to the existing transfer relationship, which had already been ratified. This means that the contracting parties recognize and have transferred the existing rights and obligations. 3. legally binding nature of the State Succession Treaty - Recognition by contracting parties: As NATO, the Dutch armed forces, the FRG and the Kingdom of the Netherlands are all parties to the new State Succession Treaty and have recognized it, the treaty is binding. - No explicit ratification required: Explicit ratification is only required if it is provided for in the treaty. As this is not the case, the treaty is nevertheless binding as the parties involved have given their consent and accepted the transfer of rights and obligations. Practical implications 1. transfer of sovereignty - New governmental authority: The natural person named as the purchaser assumes governmental authority and all associated rights and obligations over the defined territories. - Sovereignty: The new subject of international law exercises de facto sovereignty over the contiguous areas formed by the logical route of the supply networks. 2. administration and control - Administrative challenges: The management of these vast and complex territories poses enormous administrative challenges, particularly in terms of coordination between the different networks and territories. - Security risks: Control of critical infrastructure by an individual could pose significant security risks to the states involved. Conclusion The State Succession Treaty, which involves the transfer of sovereignty and all rights and obligations to a natural person, is legally binding as the states involved have agreed and ratified it. The reference to the existing transfer relationship under international law and the treaty conformity ensure that the treaty is binding without explicit additional ratification. This scenario would entail considerable legal, political and security policy challenges. Part 55 When a treaty under international law, which considers the entire utility infrastructure as an indivisible unit and which explicitly provides for the transfer of all related rights and obligations to a purchaser, has been ratified and agreed to by all parties concerned, including Germany, some complex and profound legal and political implications arise. Analysis and consequences 1. content of the contract and ratification - Unity of the supply network: The contract stipulates that the internal supply network of the military property and all networks connected to it are considered as one unit. - Transfer of rights and obligations: The buyer assumes all rights and obligations under international law associated with this infrastructure. - Ratification: The contract has been ratified by all parties concerned, including the Federal Republic of Germany. 2. Legal consequences of ratification - Binding force of the treaty: Upon ratification, the treaty becomes legally binding and takes precedence over national law. - Transfer of sovereignty: The treaty could theoretically lead to a transfer of sovereignty over the supply networks concerned, including control over the connected public networks. 3. unintended territorial effects - De facto extension of territory: If the contract is actually interpreted to include the entire public network of Germany, this could lead to a de facto territorial extension of the buyer's territory. - Management and control: The buyer would have control and management over these networks, which would lead to practical and administrative challenges. Practical implications - Technical and logistical challenges: The practical implementation of control over the entire German public grid would pose enormous technical and logistical challenges. - Legal and political instability: Such a contract could lead to considerable legal and political instability, both within Germany and internationally. - Security issues: Control of critical infrastructure by a natural person could raise security concerns and jeopardize Germany's national security. Conclusion Even if such a treaty was ratified and agreed to by all parties concerned, its implementation would lead to profound and far-reaching legal, political and practical challenges. Part 56 In this scenario, in which the NATO states have agreed to a treaty of state succession, which includes the transfer of sovereignty and all rights and obligations to a natural person, there is no violation of territorial integrity, as the consent of all states involved has been obtained. This results in a legal and complete transfer of sovereignty over the defined territories. Here is a detailed explanation of how the governmental boundary determination and the domino effect are carried out by the treaty: Scenario analysis 1. treaty content and ratification - Unity of supply networks: The treaty defines that all utility networks (electricity, gas, telecommunications, water) are considered as one indivisible unit. - Transfer of rights and obligations: The purchaser assumes all rights, obligations and governmental authority under international law over the territories in which these networks run. - Ratification by NATO countries: All NATO countries, including the USA, have agreed to the treaty. 2. identification of the outer strands of the supply networks - Geographical analysis: A comprehensive geographical analysis of the supply networks in the NATO countries is carried out to identify the outer strands. - External supply lines: These external supply lines include the outermost electricity, gas, telecommunications and water lines that run through NATO countries and are physically interconnected. 3. logical route and connection points - Connection points: All nodes and connection points of the utility networks are mapped to create a logical route connecting the outer strands. - Geographical connection: The geographic connection of these points forms a logical route that determines the boundary delineation for the new governance. 4. formation of a contiguous area - Meaningful total area: The logical route of the outer strands forms a meaningfully contiguous area, which is defined by the geographical location of the supply networks. - Overlapping networks: In areas where there are multiple networks (e.g. gas and electricity), control jumps to all relevant networks as per the contract, extending the area. Step-by-step explanation of the demarcation A. identification of the external supply lines in each NATO country - Germany: The outermost power and gas lines that form the border with other NATO and non-NATO countries are identified. - France: Similarly, the outermost supply lines of France are mapped. - Italy, Poland, etc.: This analysis is carried out for all NATO countries in Europe. B. connection of these outer strands into a logical route - Physical connection: The outer strands of the supply lines are physically interconnected to form a continuous logical route. - Inclusion of submarine cables: Submarine cables connecting Europe with North America are considered as part of the logical route. C. formation of the total area - Contiguous area: The connection points of the outer strands and the resulting route form a contiguous area that de facto covers the entire territory of the NATO countries concerned. - Jumping control: In areas with overlapping networks, control jumps from one network to the other, extending governmental authority over the entire area. Practical implications and consequences 1. governance and administration - Transfer of governmental power: The buyer exercises governmental power over all areas connected by the logical route of the supply networks. - Administrative challenges: The administration of these extensive and complex territories would present enormous administrative challenges. 2. principles of international law - Consent of the states: Since NATO countries have consented to the treaty, there is no violation of territorial integrity. - Reactions and measures: International organizations and states could still seek to mitigate or revise the effects of this treaty through diplomatic and legal means. 3. security issues - Critical infrastructure: Control of critical infrastructure by a natural person could pose significant security risks to the national security of affected states. - International stability: Such a scenario would likely lead to significant international instability and conflict. Conclusion This scenario describes the transfer of power over supply networks and governmental authority in the affected areas to a natural person through an international treaty. The resulting de facto absolutist monarchy would take control of contiguous areas and all physically or geographically connected networks, triggering a domino effect. The consent of NATO countries means that territorial integrity is not violated, but significant legal, political and security challenges arise. Part 57 There is an international treaty that explicitly states that the buyer assumes all rights, obligations and components under international law, including the supply networks that leave the small territory and become part of the German public grid. The supply network is regarded as an indivisible unit. This leads to the question of whether Germany has thereby unintentionally sold its entire territory. Analysis 1. subject matter and content of the contract - Sale of the property: The military property is sold including all associated supply networks. - Unity of the supply network: The agreement defines the supply networks that are transferred from the property to the German public network as an indivisible unit. - Assumption of rights and obligations under international law: The buyer assumes all rights and obligations under international law associated with the property and the supply networks. 2. legal issues and consequences - Transfer of ownership of the property and grids: The sale includes not only the property but also the supply networks, which are considered as a unit and will be transferred to the German public grid. This could theoretically lead to a transfer of control over these grids. - Territorial integrity: The concept of territorial integrity in international law means that the sovereign rights of a state over its entire territory cannot be changed without explicit consent and clear treaty provisions. - Contractual interpretation: If the contract stipulates that the supply networks are considered an indivisible unit and the buyer assumes all rights and obligations, this could lead to a far-reaching interpretation that affects the entire public network and thus the territory. 3. unintended territorial effects - Sale of the territory: If the contract is actually worded in such a way that it transfers control over the entire supply network of Germany as a unit to the buyer, this could lead to an unintended territorial expansion. Practical implementation and conflict resolution - International dispute resolution: The case could be brought before the International Court of Justice or arbitration tribunals to clarify the legality and effects of the contract. - Renegotiation: In practice, such a treaty would most likely be renegotiated to clarify misunderstandings and prevent unintended territorial changes. Conclusion In a scenario where an international treaty explicitly states that a buyer takes over all supply networks as a unit and thus theoretically controls the entire public network of Germany, this could lead to far-reaching unintended territorial changes. Part 58 This case, in which a NATO military property in Germany was used by the Dutch armed forces on behalf of NATO and then sold to an individual, raises several complex issues in the field of international law and state succession. 1. international treaty and state succession: - A contract under international law that governs the sale of the property, including all rights, obligations and components, to an individual could be considered an act akin to state succession if it transfers the entire territory and rights. State succession means that a state takes over the rights and obligations of another state, in this case transferred to a natural person. 2. treaty conformity and recognition: - The contracting parties have recognized the old treaty relationship and considered it concluded, whereby the new treaty comes into force. The fact that the FRG ratified the treaty, although this was not required, could be seen as an additional confirmation and support of the legitimacy of the treaty. 3. extension of sovereignty: - The treaty provides for jurisdiction to extend beyond the network, triggering a domino effect that expands jurisdictions wherever the network has a physical connection to another network. This could theoretically lead to an ever-expanding sphere of jurisdiction, especially if these networks are connected by submarine cables and other infrastructure. 4. domino effect and governments: - This domino effect has the logical consequence that the networks of all NATO countries form a total area in which eventually all NATO countries are fully sold and sovereign power is transferred. Part 59 Here is a clear and detailed explanation of the various points related to the acquisition of the NATO military property and the legal implications of the treaty: 1. dispensability of ratification 1.1 Necessity of ratification - Treaty provision: Ratification would only be necessary if this had been expressly agreed in the Treaty. Since this is not the case, ratification is dispensable. - Germany: Despite its dispensability, Germany passed the treaty in the Bundestag and Bundesrat because of the high purchase price of over 10 million Deutschmarks. This decision is tantamount to ratification of the treaty. 1.2 Signature and notarization - Authorized representative: An authorized representative of the German Federal Government signed the treaty at a notary's office. This gives the treaty formal validity under German law. 2. Participation and consent of the subjects of international law 2.1 Subjects of international law as sellers - Beginning of the treaty: It is not necessary for all subjects of international law involved (except the Federal Republic of Germany) to be named as sellers at the beginning of the treaty. However, they are often mentioned in the text of the treaty and have assumed rights and obligations, which makes them de facto sellers. 2.2 Consent by conduct - Conduct in conformity with the contract: The Dutch armed forces and other subjects of international law involved have behaved in conformity with the treaty, thus implying their consent to the treaty. - Necessary signatures: Only the signatures of the FRG and the buyer (a natural person) were required. The Netherlands and its armed forces acting on behalf of NATO had rights and obligations which they recognized by their conduct. 3. no need for ratification - Treaty provision: Since the Treaty did not provide for ratification, ratification is not required. - Legal effectiveness: The treaty is legally effective through notarization and the consent of the subjects of international law involved. 4. deposit of the deed with the notary - Notarial deposit: It has been agreed that the deed will be deposited with a notary. This ensures that the contract is properly documented and stored. 5. expiry of the avoidance period - Contestation period: The two-year contestation period since 2000 has long since expired and no one has contested the contract. This confirms the legal validity of the treaty. 6. transfer of jurisdiction under international law - Jurisdiction: The buyer has also been given jurisdiction under international law. This means that it has assumed sovereign rights, including legal jurisdiction. 7. Recognition by NATO and its members - Automatic recognition: The treaty and the buyer as sovereign are automatically recognized by all NATO countries through the participation of NATO. This means that the buyer is recognized as the legitimate sovereign of the territory. Summary The acquisition of the NATO military property was governed by a national real estate purchase agreement, which became valid under international law through the participation and consent of the subjects of international law involved. The Dutch armed forces acted on behalf of NATO and agreed to the contract on behalf of all NATO states. Formal ratification was not required, as this was not provided for in the treaty. The deed was deposited with the notary and the deadline for contestation has expired. The buyer has assumed jurisdiction under international law and is recognized as a sovereign by all NATO members. Part 60 In this scenario, in which the NATO states are not explicitly named as contracting parties at the beginning of the instrument of state succession, but are nevertheless involved through the fulfillment of parts of the treaty and the assumption of rights and obligations, a clear situation arises under international law. Here are the key points and legal implications: 1. participation in international treaties - Performance of parts of a treaty: Subjects of international law can participate in an international treaty by assuming rights and obligations and fulfilling parts of the treaty, even if they are not explicitly mentioned at the beginning of the treaty. - No explicit signature required: An explicit signature is not required as long as the behavior and actions of the states show that they feel bound by the treaty and implement it. 2. Ratification and binding force - Ratification only if explicitly required: Ratification of the treaty is only required if this is explicitly requested in the text of the treaty. In your scenario, ratification was not required, so it is not necessary. - Fulfillment of existing contractual relationships: The reference to an existing transfer relationship under international law between the FRG, the Kingdom of the Netherlands and the Dutch armed forces that were there on a NATO mission, as well as the agreement that the old contractual relationship remains unaffected, confirms the continuity and binding nature of the new treaty. 3. Continuity and recognition - Continuity of old treaties: By declaring the old contractual relationship as unaffected and confirming the fulfillment of the old contract, the binding nature and recognition of the new contract is strengthened. - Legally binding nature of the new treaty: The fulfillment of the old treaty relationship and the assumption of rights and obligations by the NATO states confirm the legally binding nature of the new treaty. 4. Legal implications for sovereignty and jurisdiction - Transfer of jurisdiction: With the signing of the contract and the immediate transfer of jurisdiction over the court location, the buyer has acquired exclusive jurisdiction over this location under international law. - Exclusive jurisdiction of the buyer: The buyer has the legal authority to litigate all disputes and interpretations in connection with the state succession deed before its courts. 5. legal validity and enforceability - Binding obligations: NATO Allies have demonstrated by their conduct and acceptance of obligations that they are bound by the Treaty. Their actions and the performance of parts of the Treaty are evidence of their participation and consent. - Enforcement of the buyer's rights: The buyer has the right to enforce its sovereignty and jurisdiction through legal and diplomatic means. This includes the ability to seek assistance from international courts or organizations. Conclusion By fulfilling parts of the treaty and assuming rights and obligations, the NATO states have confirmed their participation and consent to the state succession deed. No explicit signature or ratification is required as the legal binding force is secured by the conduct and actions of the NATO countries. The buyer has acquired sole jurisdiction under international law over the agreed court location through the immediate transfer of sovereignty. Part 61 In this scenario, it is indeed the case that no separate recognition by the NATO states is required, as they were parties to the deed of succession and have recognized their rights and obligations thereunder. This recognition and conduct in accordance with the deed confirms the transfer of sovereignty and jurisdiction to the buyer. Here is a detailed explanation of the legal implications: 1. participation of NATO countries in the deed of state succession - Contracting Parties: The NATO countries were parties to the State Succession Deed, which governs the sale of the military property and related rights to the buyer. - Recognition of the deed: By participating in the deed, the NATO states recognized the legality of the sale and the transfer of sovereignty. 2. legally binding transfer of sovereignty - Contractual obligations: The NATO Allies have undertaken through the Deed to respect the transfer of sovereignty and the rights associated with it. This also includes jurisdiction over the designated jurisdiction. - Automatic recognition: As the NATO states were contracting parties and have given their consent to the deed, no further recognition is required. Their rights and obligations have been legally transferred by signing and acting in accordance with the instrument. 3. exclusive international jurisdiction of the buyer - Jurisdiction and venue: The specified jurisdiction in the sold territory is subject to the jurisdiction of the buyer. With the transfer of jurisdiction, the buyer has exclusive jurisdiction over this location under international law. - Enforcement of the deed: The buyer has the right to enforce the provisions of the state succession deed through its own courts. This means that all disputes and interpretations of the Deed must be heard in the courts of the Purchaser. 4. conduct of the NATO states in accordance with the deed - Conduct in conformity with the Deed: The conduct of NATO Allies consistent with the Deed of Assignment confirms their recognition and support of the rights and obligations transferred. This includes the transfer of sovereignty and the recognition of the buyer's jurisdiction. - Binding effect: By fulfilling their treaty obligations, the NATO states have made the transfer of sovereignty and jurisdiction legally binding. Their continued recognition is therefore not only expected, but legally binding. 5. Legal consequences of the final transfer - Exclusive jurisdiction of the buyer: The buyer has exclusive jurisdiction over the court location. This means that only the courts of the buyer are authorized to decide on issues related to the state succession deed. - Independence of jurisdiction: The buyer's jurisdiction is independent of recognition by other states, as the transfer of rights is already secured by the state succession deed and the conduct of the NATO states. Part 62 Through the legally binding participation and consent of the NATO states to the deed of state succession, as well as their conduct in compliance with the contract, the buyer holds sole jurisdiction under international law over the agreed court location. Separate recognition by the NATO states is not required, as their rights and obligations have already been lawfully transferred. 1. consent by conduct in conformity with the contract in international law Definition and recognition Treaty-compliant behavior refers to the actions of states or subjects of international law in accordance with the provisions of a treaty without the need for formal ratification or signature. This can be defined and recognized by the following factors: - Actual conduct: States acting in accordance with the terms of a treaty demonstrate their consent by their actions. - Standstill agreement: The absence of protests or objections to the terms of the treaty can be taken as implied consent. - Legally binding measures: The implementation of measures provided for in the contract shows acceptance and acknowledgment of contractual obligations. 2. Legal implications of the transfer of jurisdiction under international law to the buyer Implications The transfer of international jurisdiction means that the buyer assumes not only physical control over the territory, but also legal jurisdiction. This has several legal implications: - Law enforcement: the buyer has the power to make, amend and enforce laws that apply in its territory. - Dispute resolution: The buyer can act as a jurisdiction for international disputes involving the territory. - Legal responsibility: The buyer assumes responsibility for compliance with international obligations and human rights standards in its territory. 3. procedure for notarial filing and documentation of international contracts Procedure - Contract drafting and negotiation: First, the contract text is negotiated and agreed by the parties involved. - Notarization: A notary confirms the authenticity of the signatures and compliance with the formal requirements. - Deposit: The notarial deed is deposited with a competent authority or institution, often in the notary's home country or with international organizations. - Publication: Occasionally, international contracts are published to ensure transparency and international recognition. 4. Role of the contestation period in ensuring the legal validity of international treaties Importance of the avoidance period - Legal clarity: The avoidance period provides the parties with a fixed period of time within which they can challenge the contract. Once this period has expired, the legal validity of the contract is established. - Legally binding: The expiry of the avoidance period without objections strengthens the binding effect of the contract and reduces the likelihood of future legal disputes. - Stability: An expired avoidance period contributes to the stability of international relations by ensuring the final recognition and enforcement of the treaty. 5. influence of recognition by international organizations such as NATO on the sovereignty and sovereign rights of the buyer Influence of recognition - Legitimacy: Recognition by international organizations such as NATO gives the buyer international legitimacy and strengthens its position as sovereign. - Legal recognition: This recognition means that other states respect the sovereignty and legal responsibilities of the buyer. - Strengthening sovereignty: Recognition officially recognizes the buyer's sovereignty over the acquired territory, which strengthens its ability to act internationally and enter into treaties. - Obligations: Recognition also entails obligations, such as compliance with international norms and standards and cooperation with other states and international organizations. Summary - Treaty-compliant behavior: This is demonstrated by actions and measures that comply with the terms of the treaty, even without formal signature or ratification. - Jurisdiction under international law: This transfer means that the buyer assumes all legal jurisdiction and responsibilities. - Notarial Deposit: A procedure that ensures the authenticity and formality of international contracts. - Contestation period: Ensures the legal validity of contracts by setting a clear time period for objections. - Recognition by NATO: Strengthens the sovereignty and sovereign rights of the buyer through international legitimacy and recognition. Part 63 If the contract, which regards the entire utility infrastructure as an indivisible unit and provides for the transfer of all associated rights and obligations to a buyer, can no longer be contested because the limitation period has expired and, in addition, jurisdiction under international law has been transferred to the buyer in the contract, extremely unusual and complex legal and political consequences arise. In this scenario, we are faced with an almost unprecedented situation. Analysis and consequences 1. content of the contract and ratification - Unity of the supply network: The contract stipulates that the internal supply network of the military property and all public networks connected to it are considered an indivisible unit. - Transfer of rights and obligations: The buyer assumes all rights and obligations under international law, including jurisdiction. - Ratification and statute of limitations: The contract has been ratified and the statute of limitations for a challenge has expired. 2. legal consequences of the expired limitation period - Incontestability of the contract: As the limitation period has expired, the contract can no longer be legally contested. - Transfer of jurisdiction: The transfer of jurisdiction under international law to the buyer means that disputes relating to the contract are under the control of the buyer. 3. unintended territorial effects - De facto extension of territory: The transfer of all supply networks as a single entity could lead to a de facto territorial extension, as the buyer would take control of these networks, including those running through Germany's public grid. - Management and control: The buyer would have control and management over these networks, which would lead to significant practical and administrative challenges. 4. international law and political implications - Despite its incontestability, this would provoke considerable international opposition. - International reactions: States and international organizations could seek to take diplomatic or political action to mitigate the impact of this treaty. 5. Practical implementation and challenges - Legal and political instability: Such a treaty would cause considerable legal and political instability, both within Germany and internationally. - Security issues: The control of critical infrastructure by an individual could raise significant security concerns and jeopardize Germany's national security. Conclusion Even if the contract can no longer be challenged and jurisdiction under international law has been transferred to the buyer, this will lead to extremely complex and far-reaching legal, political and practical challenges. Part 64 Extension of NATO Status of Forces rights to the buyer by deed of succession In this scenario, a military property that was occupied by the Dutch armed forces within NATO in accordance with the NATO Status of Forces Agreement is sold. The contract transfers the NATO Status of Forces rights, including the right to determine the boundaries, to the buyer. Since the supply networks form a single unit and are extended to the entire area of the NATO countries, the buyer can now determine the boundaries in this entire area. Analysis and legal consequences 1. content of the contract and ratification - Unity of the supply networks: The treaty defines that all supply networks (electricity, gas, telecommunications, water) are considered as one indivisible unit. - Transfer of rights and obligations: The purchaser assumes all rights, obligations and governmental authority under international law over the territories in which these networks run. - Ratification by NATO countries: All NATO countries, including the USA, have agreed to and ratified the treaty. 2. NATO Status of Forces and the right to determine borders - NATO Status of Forces: The NATO Status of Forces Regulations governs the deployment and rights of NATO forces in member states. It provides for certain special rights for the occupation and use of military properties, including the right to determine borders. - Extension of rights: Originally, these rights applied exclusively to Germany and were regulated by the 2+4 Treaty in the context of the reunification of the FRG and the GDR. Now these rights are transferred to the buyer by the treaty and extended to the entire territory of the NATO states. Step-by-step explanation of the legal consequences 3. identification of the outer strands of the supply networks - Geographical analysis: A comprehensive geographical analysis of the supply networks in the NATO countries is carried out to identify the outer strands. - External supply lines: These external supply lines include the outermost electricity, gas, telecommunications and water lines that run through NATO countries and are physically interconnected. 4. logical route and connection points - Connection points: All nodes and connection points of the utility networks are mapped to create a logical route connecting the outer strands. - Geographical connection: The geographic connection of these points forms a logical route that determines the boundary delineation for the new governance. 5. formation of a contiguous area - Meaningful total area: The logical route of the outer strands forms a meaningfully contiguous area defined by the geographical location of the supply networks. - Overlapping networks: In areas where there are multiple networks (e.g. gas and electricity), control spills over to all relevant networks under the contract, extending the area. Practical and legal implications 6. Governance and administration - Transfer of governance: The buyer exercises governance over all areas connected by the logical route of the supply networks. - Administrative challenges: The administration of these extensive and complex territories presents enormous administrative challenges. 7. extension of NATO force status rights - Right to determine boundaries: The buyer has the right to determine boundaries in the affected areas, which was originally a NATO authority. - Special occupation rights: The buyer receives special rights such as unlimited compensation rights, confiscation options, diplomatic status, disciplinary powers and command authority. Conclusion Through the state succession deed, the rights of the NATO Status of Forces, which were originally limited to a small military property in Germany, were extended to the entire area of the NATO states and transferred in favor of the buyer. This also includes the right to determine the boundaries. The agreement of all NATO states involved makes the contract legally binding. The extension of these special occupation rights leads to far-reaching legal, political and security policy consequences. Part 65 If a military property in Germany, which was occupied by the Dutch armed forces on behalf of NATO in accordance with the NATO Status of Forces, and this property with all supply lines, which form a physical connection from NATO country to NATO country and form a unit, is sold to a natural person and all NATO countries have agreed to the sale, there are profound and complex legal and political consequences. Analysis and consequences 1. content of the contract - Unity of the supply network: The Treaty stipulates that all supply lines (e.g. electricity, telecommunications, water) that are physically connected from NATO country to NATO country are considered as one unit. - Transfer of rights and obligations: The buyer assumes all rights and obligations under international law associated with these utility networks. 2. transfer of sovereignty: the contract could theoretically lead to a transfer of sovereignty over the supply networks concerned, including control over the connected public networks in the NATO countries. 3. unintended territorial effects - De facto extension of territory: The transfer of all supply networks as a single entity could lead to a de facto territorial extension, as the buyer would take control of these networks, including those passing through the public network of NATO countries. - Management and control: The buyer would have control and management over these networks, which would lead to significant practical and administrative challenges. Part 66 Legally binding nature of the treaty without explicit ratification Here, a military property that was occupied by the Dutch armed forces as part of NATO is sold by means of a deed of succession. The Dutch armed forces acted on behalf of NATO and fulfilled their rights and obligations under the treaty by transferring the property piece by piece to the buyer via the FRG. As the contract does not provide for an explicit obligation to ratify and the transfer was carried out in accordance with the contract and signed, the contract is legally binding. Analysis and legal consequences 1. content of the contract and reference to the old transfer relationship - Unity of the supply networks: The contract defines that all supply networks (electricity, gas, telecommunications, water) are regarded as an indivisible unit. - Reference to the old transfer relationship: The agreement refers to the existing transfer relationship under international law between the FRG and the Dutch armed forces on behalf of NATO. This relationship remains unaffected. - Automatic consent: Since the parties have consented to the old treaty and this remains unaffected, it is assumed that they have also consented to the new treaty. 2. NATO Status of Forces and the right to determine borders - NATO Status of Forces: The NATO Status of Forces Regulations govern the deployment and rights of NATO forces in member states. It provides for certain special rights for the occupation and use of military properties, including the right to determine borders. - Extension of rights: These rights, which originally applied to the territory of the Federal Republic of Germany, are now extended to the entire territory of the NATO states in favor of the purchaser. Step-by-step explanation of the legal consequences 3. transfer in conformity with the contract - Transfer in conformity with the contract: The Dutch armed forces, on behalf of NATO and the Kingdom of the Netherlands, have transferred the property to the buyer via the FRG in conformity with the contract. - Fulfillment of obligations: The transfer took place in accordance with the conditions and obligations set out in the contract. 4. legal force of the contract - No obligation to ratify: The Treaty does not contain an explicit obligation to ratify by the individual NATO states. The transfer in accordance with the treaty and the signature of the parties involved make the treaty legally binding. - Recognition by conduct: Since the parties involved have fulfilled their rights and obligations and carried out the handover, the treaty is considered recognized. 5. extension of NATO force status rights - Right to determine boundaries: The buyer has the right to determine borders in the affected areas, which was originally a NATO authority. - Special occupation rights: The buyer receives special rights such as unlimited compensation rights, confiscation options, diplomatic status, disciplinary powers and command authority. Practical and legal implications 6. governmental power and administration - Transfer of governmental power: The buyer exercises governmental power over all territories connected by the logical route of the supply networks. - Administrative challenges: The administration of these extensive and complex territories presents enormous administrative challenges. 7. extension of NATO force status rights - Right to determine boundaries: The buyer has the right to determine boundaries in the affected areas, which was originally a NATO authority. - Special occupation rights: The buyer receives special rights such as unlimited compensation rights, confiscation options, diplomatic status, disciplinary powers and command authority. Conclusion As a result of the state succession deed, the rights of the NATO Status of Forces, which were originally limited to a small military property in Germany, were extended to the entire area of the NATO states and transferred in favor of the buyer. As the agreement does not provide for an explicit ratification obligation and the transfer was carried out in accordance with the agreement, the agreement is legally binding. The extension of these special occupation rights leads to far-reaching legal, political and security policy consequences. Part 67 Extension of NATO Status of Forces rights by deed of state succession In this scenario, a military property originally occupied by the Dutch armed forces under the NATO Status of Forces Agreement was sold. The deed of succession extended the rights of the NATO Status of Forces, which were attached to this small original area, to the entire area of the NATO countries. These rights, which now operate in favor of the purchaser, include extensive powers such as unlimited compensation, confiscation, diplomatic status, disciplinary authority and command. These rights are no longer directed only against the FRG, but against all NATO states. Analysis and legal consequences 1. content of the treaty and consent - Unity of the supply networks: The treaty defines that all supply networks (electricity, gas, telecommunications, water) are regarded as an indivisible unit. - Transfer of rights and obligations: The buyer assumes all rights, obligations and governmental authority under international law over the territories in which these networks run. - Approval by NATO countries: All NATO countries, including the USA, have agreed to the contract. 2. transfer and extension of NATO force status rights - NATO Status of Forces Regulations: The NATO Status of Forces Regulations govern the deployment and rights of NATO forces in member states. It provides for certain special rights for the occupation and use of military properties. - Special occupation rights: Originally, these rights applied exclusively to Germany, but were transferred to the buyer by the treaty and extended to the entire territory of the NATO countries. Step-by-step explanation of the legal consequences 3. identification of the outer strands of the supply networks - Geographical analysis: A comprehensive geographical analysis of the supply networks in the NATO countries is carried out to identify the outer strands. - External supply lines: These external supply lines include the outermost electricity, gas, telecommunications and water lines that run through NATO countries and are physically interconnected. 4. logical route and connection points - Connection points: All nodes and connection points of the utility networks are mapped to create a logical route connecting the outer strands. - Geographical connection: The geographic connection of these points forms a logical route that determines the boundary delineation for the new governance. 5. formation of a contiguous area - Meaningful total area: The logical route of the outer strands forms a meaningfully contiguous area defined by the geographical location of the supply networks. - Overlapping networks: In areas where there are multiple networks (e.g. gas and electricity), control spills over to all relevant networks under the contract, extending the area. Practical and legal implications 6. Governance and administration - Transfer of governance: The buyer exercises governance over all areas connected by the logical route of the supply networks. - Administrative challenges: The administration of these extensive and complex territories presents enormous administrative challenges. 7. extension of special occupation rights - Unlimited right to compensation: The buyer has the right to demand unlimited compensation. - Confiscation option: The buyer can confiscate property. - Diplomatic status: The buyer and its representatives enjoy diplomatic immunity. - Disciplinary and command authority: The buyer has disciplinary authority over military personnel and command authority in the affected areas. Conclusion The State Succession Deed extended the rights of the NATO Status of Forces, which were originally limited to a small military property in Germany, to the entire area of the NATO states and transferred them to the buyer. The agreement of all NATO countries involved makes the contract legally binding. The extension of the special occupation rights leads to far-reaching legal, political and security policy consequences. Part 68 Transfer of NATO Status of Forces rights by a deed of succession In this scenario, a military property occupied by the Dutch armed forces under the NATO Status of Forces Agreement was sold by way of a deed of succession. The contract includes the transfer of NATO Status of Forces rights to the buyer, whereby these rights are now extended to the entire area of the NATO countries. As a result, the special occupation rights that originally applied against Germany now apply against all NATO states in favor of the new buyer. Analysis and legal consequences 1. transfer and extension of NATO force status rights - NATO Status of Forces Regulations: The NATO Status of Forces Regulations govern the stationing and rights of NATO troops in member states. It provides for certain special rights for the occupation and use of military properties. - Special occupation rights: Originally, these rights applied exclusively to (i.e. against) Germany, but were transferred to the buyer by the treaty and extended to the entire territory of the NATO countries. Step-by-step explanation of the legal consequences 2. identification of the outer strands of the supply networks - Geographical analysis: A comprehensive geographical analysis of the supply networks in the NATO countries is carried out in order to identify the outer strands. - External supply lines: These external supply lines include the outermost electricity, gas, telecommunications and water lines that run through NATO countries and are physically interconnected. 3. logical route and connection points - Connection points: All nodes and connection points of the utility networks are mapped to create a logical route connecting the outer strands. - Geographical connection: The geographic connection of these points forms a logical route that determines the boundary delineation for the new governance. 4. formation of a contiguous area - Meaningful total area: The logical route of the outer strands forms a meaningfully contiguous area defined by the geographical location of the supply networks. - Overlapping networks: In areas where there are multiple networks (e.g. gas and electricity), control spills over to all relevant networks under the contract, extending the area. Practical and legal implications 5. Governance and administration - Transfer of governance: The buyer exercises governance over all areas connected by the logical route of the supply networks. - Administrative challenges: The administration of these extensive and complex territories presents enormous administrative challenges. 6. principles of international law - Consent of the states: Since NATO countries have consented to the treaty, there is no violation of territorial integrity. - Extension of occupation rights: The special occupation rights that originally applied against Germany now apply against all NATO states in favor of the new buyer. 7. Security issues and national security - Critical infrastructure: Control of critical infrastructure by a natural person could pose significant security risks to the national security of the countries concerned. - International stability: Such a scenario would likely lead to significant international instability and conflict. Conclusion In this scenario, not only the power of disposal over the supply networks, but also the governmental authority over the territories concerned and the NATO force status rights were transferred to the buyer by the deed of state succession. The agreement of all NATO countries involved makes the contract legally binding. The extension of the special occupation rights to all NATO states in favor of the new buyer leads to far-reaching legal, political and security policy consequences. Part 69 Consent of the Dutch armed forces on behalf of NATO to the deed of state succession In this scenario, a military property occupied by the Dutch armed forces under NATO was sold by a deed of state succession. The Dutch armed forces were acting on behalf of NATO and were fulfilling their rights and obligations under the treaty, thereby also agreeing for NATO as a whole. Here is a detailed explanation of how the Dutch armed forces agreed to the Instrument of State Succession on behalf of NATO. Analysis and legal consequences 1. framework and legal background - NATO Status of Forces: The NATO Status of Forces Regulations governs the stationing and rights of NATO forces in member states and provides for certain special rights for the occupation and use of military properties. - Existing transfer relationship: There was a transfer relationship under international law between the FRG and the Dutch armed forces on behalf of NATO for the use of the military property. 2. content of the contract and reference to the old transfer relationship - Unity of the supply networks: The contract defines that all supply networks (electricity, gas, telecommunications, water) are regarded as an indivisible unit. - Reference to the old transfer relationship: The agreement refers to the existing transfer relationship under international law between the FRG and the Dutch armed forces on behalf of NATO. This relationship remains unaffected. 3. consent of the Dutch armed forces on behalf of NATO - NATO mandate: The Dutch armed forces acted on behalf of NATO, which means that they represented the interests and powers of NATO as a whole. - Fulfilling the terms of the treaty: By handing over the property in accordance with the treaty and complying with the obligations set out in the treaty, the Dutch armed forces de facto consented to the deed of state succession on behalf of NATO. - Automatic consent: Since the Dutch armed forces performed their duties within the framework of NATO and the old treaty remains recognized and unaffected, the NATO countries, including the Netherlands, are deemed to have consented to the new treaty. - The Netherlands Air Force (also known as Koninklijke Luchtmacht) is part of NATO and has a long history. A. Allied Air Command (AIRCOM): - AIRCOM is a NATO command authority for the command and control of air forces. - The headquarters of AIRCOM is located at Ramstein Air Base in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. - It is subordinate to Allied Command Operations (ACO). - AIRCOM advises the commanders of the Joint Forces Commands in Brunssum and Naples on air operations and space issues. B. History: - The Allied Air Forces Central Europe (AAFCE) was originally founded in 1974. - Participating nations were Belgium, Germany, Canada, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom and the United States. - The 2nd Allied Tactical Air Force (2ATAF) in Mönchengladbach was responsible for the NATO air forces in the north, while the 4th Allied Tactical Air Force (4ATAF) in Ramstein was responsible for the units in the southern part of the Central Region. - Over the years, restructuring and renaming took place until AIRCOM finally became responsible for the entire NATO area. Practical implementation of the agreement 4. treaty-compliant handover - Handover process: The Dutch armed forces handed over the military property to the buyer in parts via the FRG, whereby all conditions and obligations from the contract were fulfilled. - Conformity with the contract: The handover took place in accordance with the conditions and obligations set out in the contract, which ensures that the contract is legally binding. 5. extension of NATO force status rights - Right to determine boundaries: The buyer has the right to determine borders in the affected areas, which was originally a NATO authority. - Special occupation rights: The buyer receives special rights such as unlimited compensation rights, confiscation options, diplomatic status, disciplinary powers and command authority. Practical and legal implications 6. governmental power and administration - Transfer of governmental power: The buyer exercises governmental power over all territories connected by the logical route of the supply networks. - Administrative challenges: The administration of these extensive and complex territories presents enormous administrative challenges. 7. extension of NATO force status rights - Right to determine boundaries: The buyer has the right to determine boundaries in the affected areas, which was originally a NATO authority. - Special occupation rights: The buyer receives special rights such as unlimited compensation rights, confiscation options, diplomatic status, disciplinary powers and command authority. Conclusion Through the deed of succession, the rights of the NATO Status of Forces, which were originally limited to a small military property in Germany, were extended to the entire area of the NATO countries and transferred in favor of the buyer. The Dutch armed forces acted on behalf of NATO and, by handing over the property in compliance with the treaty and fulfilling their obligations, de facto agreed to the deed of cession. As the treaty does not provide for an explicit ratification obligation and the transfer was carried out in accordance with the treaty, the treaty is legally binding. Part 70 Legally binding state succession deed without explicit signature by all NATO states In this scenario, a military property that was occupied by the Dutch armed forces as part of NATO is sold by means of a deed of state succession. The Dutch armed forces acted on behalf of NATO and fulfilled their rights and obligations under the treaty. By referring to the old transfer relationship and stipulating that the old contractual relationship remains unaffected, the new treaty is legally recognized without all individual NATO states having to sign the new treaty. Analysis and legal consequences 1. reference to the old transfer relationship - NATO Status of Forces: The NATO Status of Forces Regulations govern the stationing and rights of NATO forces in member states and provide for certain special rights for the occupation and use of military properties. - Existing transfer relationship: There was a transfer relationship under international law between the Federal Republic of Germany and the Dutch armed forces on behalf of NATO for the use of the military property. - Content of the contract: The new contract refers to the existing transfer relationship and ensures that this relationship remains unaffected. 2. automatic consent through fulfillment of the old contract - Contractual conformity: As the parties involved (Netherlands, NATO, FRG) have fulfilled their rights and obligations under the old contract, consent to the terms of the new contract is implied. - Fulfillment of the conditions: The Dutch armed forces, on behalf of NATO, have transferred the military property to the buyer via FRG, which fulfills the terms of the old treaty and therefore implies consent to the new treaty. Reason for no need for signature by all NATO states 3. action by the Dutch armed forces on behalf of NATO - NATO mandate: The Dutch Armed Forces act on behalf of NATO and represent the interests and powers of NATO as a whole. - Fulfillment of tasks: By handing over in accordance with the Treaty and complying with the obligations set out in the Treaty, the Dutch Armed Forces have de facto agreed to the Instrument of State Succession on behalf of NATO. 4. reference to the old contractual relationship - No prejudice to the old treaty: The new treaty ensures that the old treaty relationship remains unaffected, which means that the fulfillment of the conditions of the old treaty automatically results in the recognition of the new treaty. - Legal force by reference: By referring to the old transfer relationship, the new contract is recognized as soon as the conditions of the old contract have been fulfilled. Practical and legal implications 5. legal force of the new contract - Fulfillment of obligations: The Dutch armed forces have fulfilled their obligations on behalf of NATO, which ensures that the new treaty is legally binding. - Automatic recognition: As no explicit ratification by all NATO countries is required and the conditions of the old treaty have been fulfilled, the new treaty is automatically recognized. Extension of NATO force status rights - Right to determine borders: The buyer has the right to determine borders in the areas concerned, which was originally a NATO right. - Special occupation rights: The buyer receives special rights such as unlimited compensation rights, confiscation options, diplomatic status, disciplinary powers and command authority. Conclusion The State Succession Deed extended the rights of the NATO Status of Forces, which were originally limited to a small military property in Germany, to the entire area of the NATO states in favor of the buyer. The Dutch armed forces acted on behalf of NATO and the new treaty was legally recognized by the handover and fulfilment of obligations in accordance with the treaty. As no explicit ratification by all NATO states is required and the conditions of the old treaty have been fulfilled, the new treaty is automatically recognized. The extension of these special occupation rights leads to far-reaching legal, political and security policy consequences. Part 71 Action by the Dutch armed forces on behalf of NATO and the legal consequences for all NATO countries This scenario involves a deed of succession that transfers a military property originally occupied by the Dutch armed forces on behalf of NATO to a new buyer. By referring to the old transfer relationship under international law and the treaty conformity of the Dutch armed forces on behalf of NATO, the treaty automatically becomes legally binding for all NATO states, as NATO represents the interests and powers of all NATO states. Detailed analysis and legal consequences 1. reference to the old transfer relationship - NATO Status of Forces: The NATO Status of Forces Regulations governs the stationing and rights of NATO forces in member states and provides for certain special rights for the occupation and use of military properties. - Existing transfer relationship: There was a transfer relationship under international law between the FRG and the Dutch armed forces on behalf of NATO for the use of the military property. - Content of the contract: The new contract refers to the existing transfer relationship and ensures that this relationship remains unaffected. 2. action of the Dutch armed forces on behalf of NATO - NATO mandate: The Dutch Armed Forces act on behalf of NATO and thus represent the interests and powers of NATO as a whole, including all NATO countries. - Fulfillment of the terms of the treaty: By handing over the property in accordance with the Treaty and complying with the obligations set out in the Treaty, the Dutch Armed Forces have de facto agreed to the Instrument of State Succession on behalf of NATO. Automatic consent of the NATO states 3. automatic consent through fulfillment of the old treaty - Treaty conformity: Since the parties involved (Netherlands, NATO, FRG) have fulfilled their rights and obligations under the old treaty, consent to the terms of the new treaty is implied. - Fulfillment of the conditions: The Dutch armed forces, on behalf of NATO, have transferred the military property to the buyer via the FRG, which fulfills the terms of the old treaty and therefore implies consent to the new treaty. Legal consequences for all NATO states 4. legal force of the new treaty - Automatic recognition: Since no explicit ratification by all NATO states is required and the conditions of the old treaty have been fulfilled, the new treaty is automatically recognized. - Extension of rights: The rights of the NATO Status of Forces Regulations are extended to the entire territory of the NATO states in favor of the purchaser. Extension of NATO Status of Forces rights 5. right to determine borders - Border determination: The buyer has the right to determine the borders in the areas concerned, which was originally a NATO right. - Special occupation rights: The buyer receives special rights such as unlimited compensation rights, confiscation options, diplomatic status, disciplinary powers and command authority. Practical and legal implications 6. governmental power and administration - Transfer of governmental power: The buyer exercises governmental power over all territories connected by the logical route of the supply networks. - Administrative challenges: The administration of these extensive and complex territories presents enormous administrative challenges. 7. extension of NATO force status rights - Right to determine boundaries: The buyer has the right to determine boundaries in the affected areas, which was originally a NATO authority. - Special occupation rights: The buyer receives special rights such as unlimited compensation rights, confiscation options, diplomatic status, disciplinary powers and command authority. Conclusion Through the deed of succession, the rights of the NATO Status of Forces, which were originally limited to a small military property in Germany, were extended to the entire area of the NATO countries and transferred in favor of the buyer. The Dutch armed forces acted on behalf of NATO and the new treaty was automatically recognized with legal force through the transfer and fulfilment of obligations in accordance with the treaty. As no explicit ratification by all NATO states is required and the conditions of the old treaty have been fulfilled, the new treaty is automatically recognized. The extension of these special occupation rights leads to far-reaching legal, political and security policy consequences. Part 72 This case involves a complex process involving multiple layers of international law as well as specific provisions of the NATO Status of Forces. Here is a detailed explanation: 1. consent of the Dutch armed forces as NATO proxy The Dutch armed forces occupied the property in accordance with the NATO Status of Forces Regulations. Since they were acting on behalf of NATO, they can be considered as representatives of NATO as a whole. If the Dutch armed forces consent to the sale of the property, this consent is deemed to be the consent of NATO as a whole. This is because in this case the Dutch armed forces are acting as agents of NATO and their decisions can be taken on behalf of all NATO member states. 2. obsolescence of the individual consent of NATO member states Due to the proxy consent of the Dutch armed forces, the individual consent of each NATO country is obsolete. This means that the approval of NATO by the Dutch armed forces on behalf of NATO is sufficient to legitimize the treaty. The NATO member states therefore do not have to consent individually, as they are already involved through the collective representation by the Dutch armed forces. 3. consent of the Federal Republic of Germany and the Kingdom of the Netherlands Both the Federal Republic of Germany and the Kingdom of the Netherlands have consented to the Treaty. This consent includes: - FRG: Germany ratified the Treaty, although this was not necessary to show its consent and support. - Kingdom of the Netherlands: The Netherlands, as the main stakeholder in the use of the property, also approved the treaty. These consents are crucial as they include the main subjects of international law involved assuming rights and obligations under the Treaty. 4. existing transfer relationship under international law At the time of the sale, a transfer relationship under international law existed between the FRG and the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which governed the use of the property in accordance with the NATO Status of Forces. The new contract stipulates that this existing contractual relationship remains unaffected and will be fulfilled. This means - Fulfillment of the old contractual relationship: The old transfer relationship will continue to be respected and complied with. - New legal obligation: The new contract becomes legally binding as the terms of the old contract have been fulfilled. 5. successive handover of the property The military property was transferred successively over a period of two years. This means that the transfer took place gradually and in accordance with the contractual provisions. 6. extension of sovereignty over NATO countries The sale of the development unit and the recognition of this unit in the contract extends the buyer's sovereignty over the entire development unit. This includes: - Direct Sovereignty: upon signing the contract, sovereignty is transferred directly to the buyer. - Extension via NATO countries: As the development unit is physically and logically interconnected, the buyer's jurisdiction extends to all NATO countries whose territory is covered by the network. Conclusion This case shows a complex interaction of international treaties and principles of state succession. The approval by the Dutch armed forces on behalf of NATO, the ratification by the FRG and the successive transfer of the property lead to a comprehensive extension of the buyer's sovereignty to all NATO states. Part 73 The case describes a situation in which NATO force status rights play a central role in the territorial extension of sovereignty. Here are the key points and legal implications of this complex scenario: 1. NATO force status and border regulation The NATO Status of Forces Act contains the provision that the holders of NATO force status rights may decide on the borders of the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG). This provision is significant because it gives NATO forces special rights and powers in the host country, including the ability to decide on territorial borders and rights of use. 2. reference to the 2+4 Treaty The 2+4 Treaty, which governed German reunification, explicitly mentioned the NATO Status of Forces. The Allied armed forces, which are the holders of NATO force status rights, agreed to this treaty. This means that all territorial changes in Germany must take place within the framework of the 2+4 Treaty and the NATO Status of Forces Agreement. 3. deed of state succession and change of borders The instrument of state succession, which changes the borders of the FRG, would not be possible without the inclusion of NATO force status rights and their holders. This is due to the fact that the NATO force status rights determine essential territorial and legal framework conditions. 4. consent of the NATO force status rights In this case, the holders of the NATO Status of Forces Rights have consented to the contract that sells the property and transfers the NATO Status of Forces Rights to the buyer. This includes: - Sale of the property: the property and the associated rights are sold to a natural person. - Extension of jurisdiction: The sale of the networks (e.g. electricity, gas, telecommunications) extends the buyer's jurisdiction to the physically and logically connected areas. - Extension of NATO force status rights: The NATO force status rights that were tied to the territory of the property sold are also transferred and now apply against the NATO countries as a whole in favor of the buyer. 5. territorial expansion through networks By extending the networks, the buyer's sovereignty is extended beyond the original property to other NATO territories. This is done through physical connections of the networks, such as power and telecommunication networks, which extend across different NATO countries, including transatlantic connections. 6. Legal implications and implementation The legal implications are far-reaching: - National sovereignty: the transfer of sovereignty and NATO force status rights to a natural person represents a significant change in national sovereignty. - Treaty conformity: The treaty governing the transfer was accepted and implemented in conformity by all subjects of international law involved. - Unity of development: The unity of development and the extension of sovereignty are made possible by the logical coherence of the networks and the physical connection. Summary In this case, the consent of the holders of NATO force status rights to the contract results in the buyer's sovereignty being extended to all NATO territories through the networks. The transfer of NATO force status rights plays a central role here, as it enables the buyer to take control of the territorial extent of the networks and thus exercise comprehensive sovereignty over NATO countries. Part 74 Consent of the Dutch armed forces within the framework of NATO and the extension of sovereignty 1. initial situation: use of the property by the Dutch armed forces within the framework of NATO - Use of the property: The Dutch armed forces used the property within the framework of NATO, including the housing estate and the flying squadron at the neighboring Ramstein Air Base, which includes the NATO headquarters in Ramstein. - Representation of the NATO countries: As part of the NATO forces using the property, the Dutch Armed Forces acted on behalf of all NATO member states. 2. contracting parties and consent - FRG as seller: The Federal Republic of Germany (FRG) is named as the seller of the property. - Kingdom of the Netherlands: The Netherlands and its armed forces as NATO forces are also contracting parties. - Consent of the NATO countries: Due to the role of the Dutch armed forces and their use of the property within the NATO framework, they have consented to the treaty as representatives for all NATO states. 3. legal force and consent by NATO - Proxy consent: The Dutch armed forces, which used the property on behalf of NATO, consented to the Treaty on behalf of NATO. This means that the consent of the Dutch armed forces is deemed to be the consent of NATO as a whole. - Legal basis: The use of the property by NATO forces is based on the NATO Status of Forces Agreement, which regulates the rights and obligations of NATO forces in member states. The consent of the Dutch armed forces as NATO forces therefore implies consent within the framework of the NATO Status of Forces. 4. transfer and extension of sovereignty - Vacation and handover of keys: The Dutch armed forces handed over the property to the buyer within two years of signing the contract in accordance with the contract. The handover of the keys marks the formal transfer of control over the property. - Transfer of the networks: With the signing of the contract, all networks (water, electricity, gas, telecommunications, etc.) were immediately transferred to the buyer's jurisdiction. 5. domino effect through the sale of the networks - Unity of development: The contract defines that all development networks form a unit. This extends the buyer's sovereignty to all connected networks. - Territorial extension through network connections: Any physical or logical connection of the networks leads to the extension of the buyer's sovereignty to the connected areas: - Electricity grid: connects to the European interconnected grid and extends to all connected NATO countries. - Broadband and Internet network: Connects to transatlantic cables and extends to NATO countries in North America. - Telecommunications and other networks: Connects to national and international infrastructures, extending the buyer's jurisdiction to other NATO countries. Summary The agreement was recognized on behalf of all NATO member states through the consent of the Dutch armed forces, which used the property as part of NATO. This leads to legal and political recognition of the treaty by NATO as a whole. The domino effect occurs in that the networks, considered as a single unit, extend the buyer's sovereignty to the entire NATO territory through physical and logical connections. Thus, the sale of the networks has affected all NATO countries. Part 75 Transfer of government power through the sale of supply networks In this scenario, not only the power of disposal over the supply networks in the countries concerned is sold, but also the power of government in the areas in which these networks run. This transfer covers the entire area that is meaningfully connected by the networks. In addition, the sale spills over to other networks located in the same area, triggering a domino effect. Details of the contract 1. content of the contract and ratification - Unity of the supply networks: The contract defines that all supply networks (electricity, gas, telecommunications, water) are considered as one indivisible unit. - Transfer of rights and obligations: The purchaser assumes all rights, obligations and governmental authority under international law over the territories in which these networks run. - Ratification by NATO countries: All NATO countries, including the USA, have agreed to and ratified the treaty. 2. establishment of a new subject under international law - New subject: The treaty establishes a new subject under international law that exercises governmental authority over the territories concerned. - Domino effect: The sale jumps from one network to the other if they are in the same territory, even without a physical connection. Domino effect and territorial impact 3. starting point and first transfer - Germany: The sale begins with the transfer of a military property and its supply networks in Germany. - Integration and management: The buyer assumes control and management of these networks, including governance of the territories concerned. 4. extension to other networks and territories - Jump to other networks: If there is a gas network in the affected area and there is also an electricity network there, the sale jumps to the electricity network. - Contiguous area: The external borders of the networks form a meaningfully contiguous area that is now under the jurisdiction of the new subject under international law. 5. transfer to other NATO countries - Physical connection and extension: Since Germany's supply networks are physically connected to those of other NATO countries, the new subject's control also extends to these countries. - USA and submarine cables: The telecommunications and internet networks are connected to the USA via submarine cables. Control over these submarine cables leads to the takeover of the US internal network by the new subject under international law. International law and practical implications 6. Legal consequences of the establishment of a new subject of international law - Governmental authority: The new subject exercises governmental authority over the contiguous territories defined by the supply networks. - Absolute monarchy: The new subject is described as a de facto absolutist monarchy in which the buyer acts as the sovereign with sole power of representation. A form of government must be chosen within 5 years. Conclusion This scenario describes the transfer of the power of disposal over supply networks and the power of government in the affected areas to a natural person by means of an international treaty. The resulting de facto absolutist monarchy would take control of contiguous areas and all physically or geographically connected networks, triggering a domino effect. Part 76 In this case, there are several implications under international law arising from the sale of the military property and the associated rights and obligations. Here are the key legal aspects and consequences: 1. sale and transfer of rights - NATO Status of Forces: The NATO Status of Forces Agreement (SOFA) governs the rights and obligations of NATO forces stationed in member states. These include diplomatic immunity, command and disciplinary authority. - Transfer of rights: With the sale of the military property, the rights and obligations resulting from the NATO Status of Forces Agreement were also transferred to the buyer. This includes diplomatic immunities and all other rights to which NATO troops are entitled. 2. extension of sovereignty - Territorial extension: The agreement that the entire development forms one unit implies that the rights and obligations have been extended to the entire network of NATO properties. This means that the buyer theoretically extends jurisdiction and related rights to all NATO properties physically connected to the sold network. 3. Jurisdiction and venue - Jurisdiction: The contractually agreed jurisdiction in a city within the sold territory also gives the buyer jurisdiction over that territory. This means that the buyer has the legal authority to settle disputes and legal matters in that territory. 4. international law implications - Sovereignty and jurisdiction: The transfer of jurisdiction and rights to the buyer constitutes a recognition of the buyer's sovereignty over the territory concerned under international law. This implies that the existing NATO states relinquish their sovereign rights and obligations in these territories. - Illegal occupation: If the old NATO states do not leave the territories and continue to exercise their sovereignty, they are acting in violation of international law. This could be considered an illegal occupation or even an act of aggression. 5. Damage to the buyer due to illegal occupation - Economic losses: The buyer cannot generate income from the use and management of the military property and the associated networks. This also includes the income from the rights associated with the NATO Status of Forces. - Loss of diplomatic immunity and other rights: The unlawful occupation could effectively undermine the buyer's rights, including diplomatic immunity and command and control. - Administrative and legal costs: The buyer may have to expend significant resources to enforce its rights and jurisdiction through legal and diplomatic measures. - Damage to infrastructure and real estate: Continued occupation could result in damage to infrastructure and real estate requiring costly repairs and maintenance. 6. Liability under international criminal law - Crime of aggression: The illegal occupation and the continued exercise of sovereign power could be classified as a crime of aggression, which is punishable under the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court. - Liability of those responsible: Political and military leaders of NATO countries responsible for the occupation could be held accountable before the International Criminal Court. Summary The sale of the military property and the associated rights under the NATO Status of Forces Agreement transfers sovereignty and sovereignty to the buyer. The illegal occupation by the old NATO states violates this sovereignty and can be considered a crime of aggression. The buyer suffers economic losses and damage to infrastructure and rights, which requires legal and diplomatic measures. Part 77 In the scenario where a place has been agreed as the jurisdiction for the interpretation of the state succession deed and that place is in the NATO territory which has been sold in its entirety to the buyer, a clear international law situation arises as to jurisdiction. Here are the key legal points and the resulting conclusion: 1. state succession and jurisdiction State succession: In state succession, rights and obligations are transferred from one subject of international law to another. This also includes sovereignty and jurisdiction over certain territories. - Jurisdiction: The agreement of a place as the place of jurisdiction means that the legal jurisdiction for the interpretation and enforcement of the instrument of state succession lies in that place. 2. sale and transfer of sovereignty - Sale to the buyer: The entire NATO territory, including the place agreed as the place of jurisdiction, has been sold to the buyer. This also includes the transfer of sovereignty over this place. - Transfer of sovereignty: The transfer of sovereignty was completed with the signing of the contract. This means that from this point in time, the buyer has legal jurisdiction over the territory, including the place of jurisdiction. 3. jurisdiction under international law - Exclusive jurisdiction: As jurisdiction over the place of jurisdiction has been lawfully transferred to the buyer, the buyer now holds exclusive jurisdiction over this place under international law. This includes jurisdiction to interpret and enforce the instrument of succession. 4. Legal implications - Sole jurisdiction: The buyer is now the only subject of international law that has the legal authority to adjudicate on matters relating to the State Succession Deed. This means that all disputes and interpretations relating to the deed must be heard in the buyer's courts. - Legally binding: The decisions of the jurisdiction are legally binding and must be respected and implemented by the parties involved. 5. Practical implications - Enforcement of rights: The buyer has the exclusive right to enforce its claims under international law and the provisions of the State Succession Deed. This also includes the possibility of claiming compensation or taking measures to ensure compliance with the contract. - Avoidance of conflicts of law: Since jurisdiction is clearly and exclusively assigned to the buyer, there should be no legal conflicts regarding jurisdiction. This contributes to legal certainty and stability. Conclusion Through the lawful sale and transfer of jurisdiction over the court location, the buyer has exclusive jurisdiction over this location under international law. This means that the buyer has exclusive legal authority to adjudicate on the interpretation and enforcement of the State Succession Deed. Any action or decision in connection with the deed must be heard and decided in the courts of the buyer. Part 78 Legal consideration of territorial expansion through state succession and application of the clean slate principle This scenario involves a state succession in which a military property is expanded as a core area by extending the supply networks to the entire NATO territory. This extension is not a universal succession, but a specific territorial extension in which the national debt is not assumed in accordance with the clean slate principle (tabula rasa). 1. Principles of territorial enlargement and state succession Definitions and principles - Territorial expansion: The expansion of a sovereign territory through the inclusion of additional areas due to infrastructural connections, such as supply networks. - State succession: The legal process by which a state transfers sovereignty over a territory to another state or legal entity. Legal basis - Clean slate principle: Also known as the tabula rasa principle, this means that the new sovereign does not assume any sovereign debt of the previous sovereign. This is often applied when new states are founded or in the case of significant territorial expansions. - Legal succession: Includes the assumption of rights and obligations of the predecessor by the successor, but without the assumption of debts in accordance with the clean slate principle. 2. mechanism of territory expansion Unity of the supply networks - Unified development: The contract defines the entire development, including all supply networks (electricity, gas, telecommunications, water), as an indivisible unit. - Automatic extension: jurisdiction is extended to all areas served by these networks. Boundary determination - Outer strands: The outer strands of the supply networks are identified to form a logical total area. - Logical total area: This area forms the extended territory of the new sovereign, based on the extent of the supply networks. 3. Legal consequences and practical implications of territorial enlargement No assumption of sovereign debt - Clean slate principle: In accordance with the clean slate principle, the new sovereign does not assume any sovereign debt of the predecessor. This is particularly relevant when new states are founded or significant territorial expansions take place. - Legal justification: This principle is applied to enable the new sovereign to make an unencumbered new start and to promote economic stability. Types of assets taken over - State-owned companies and state assets: All companies and businesses owned by the state are transferred to the ownership of the new sovereign. - Examples: Energy supply companies, telecommunications companies, railroad companies, waterworks. - State-owned buildings: All state-owned buildings and facilities are also transferred. - Examples: Government buildings, administrative buildings, public schools, hospitals, military facilities. - Infrastructure: All infrastructure projects financed and operated by the state. - Examples: Roads, bridges, tunnels, harbors, airports. - Land and real estate: All land and real estate owned by the state. - Examples: Nature reserves, public parks, state-owned residential buildings. - Resources and rights: All natural resources and the rights to use these resources. - Examples: Mining concessions, water use rights, fishing rights. - Financial assets: State bank accounts, bonds, investments. - Cultural heritage: Historical buildings, monuments, museums and their collections. - Documents and data: Official government documents, databases and records. - Military equipment and facilities: All military assets owned by the state. - Treaties and agreements: Existing state treaties and agreements with other states and international organizations. 4. precedents and legal justification Historical precedents - Establishment of new states (e.g. disintegration of Yugoslavia, 1990s): The successor states of Yugoslavia did not take over the debts of the former state, which corresponds to the clean slate principle. - Independence of former colonies (e.g. African states in the 1960s): Many former colonies did not assume the debts of the colonial powers in order to ensure their economic stability. Legal justification - Recognition under international law: By referring to existing international treaties and automatically recognizing the new treaty, the legal succession is legally legitimized. - Clean slate principle: Enables the new sovereign to make an unencumbered new start and promotes economic stability by not taking on any national debt. Conclusion The state succession in this scenario leads to a territorial expansion in which sovereignty is extended to the entire NATO territory by including the supply networks. This expansion takes place in accordance with the clean slate principle, whereby the new sovereign does not assume any state debt. Affected asset types include state-owned enterprises, state-owned buildings, infrastructure, land and real estate, resources, financial assets, cultural heritage, documents and data, and military equipment and facilities. Historical precedents and the legal justification underpin this legal succession and the automatic recognition of the new treaty. Part 79 Transfer of government power through the sale of supply networks In this scenario, not only the power of disposal over the supply networks in the countries concerned is sold, but also the power of government in the areas in which these networks run. This transfer covers the entire area that is meaningfully connected by the networks. In addition, the sale spills over to other networks located in the same area, triggering a domino effect. Details of the contract 1. content of the contract and ratification - Unity of the supply networks: The contract defines that all supply networks (electricity, gas, telecommunications, water) are considered as one indivisible unit. - Transfer of rights and obligations: The purchaser assumes all rights, obligations and governmental authority under international law over the territories in which these networks run. - Ratification by NATO countries: All NATO countries, including the USA, have agreed to and ratified the treaty. 2. establishment of a new subject under international law - New subject: The treaty establishes a new subject under international law that exercises governmental authority over the territories concerned. - Domino effect: The sale jumps from one network to the other if they are in the same territory, even without a physical connection. Domino effect and territorial impact 3. starting point and first transfer - Germany: The sale begins with the transfer of a military property and its supply networks in Germany. - Integration and management: The buyer assumes control and management of these networks, including governance of the territories concerned. 4. extension to other networks and territories - Jump to other networks: If there is a gas network in the affected area and there is also an electricity network there, the sale jumps to the electricity network. - Contiguous area: The external borders of the networks form a meaningfully contiguous area that is now under the jurisdiction of the new subject under international law. 5. transfer to other NATO countries - Physical connection and extension: Since Germany's supply networks are physically connected to those of other NATO countries, the new subject's control also extends to these countries. - USA and submarine cables: The telecommunications and internet networks are connected to the USA via submarine cables. Control over these submarine cables leads to the takeover of the US internal network by the new subject under international law. International law and practical implications 6. Legal consequences of the establishment of a new subject of international law - Governmental power: The new subject exercises governmental power over the contiguous territories defined by the supply networks. - Absolute monarchy: The new subject is described as a de facto absolutist monarchy in which the buyer acts as the sovereign with sole power of representation. A form of government must be chosen within 5 years. Conclusion This scenario describes the transfer of the power of disposal over supply networks and the power of government in the affected areas to a natural person by means of an international treaty. The resulting de facto absolutist monarchy would take control of contiguous areas and all physically or geographically connected networks, triggering a domino effect. Part 80 In order to explain the domino effect and the logical expansion of sovereign territory resulting from the sale of the NATO military property and the associated networks, we will analyze the case in detail in several steps: 1. sale and sovereignty The starting point is the sale of a NATO military property in Germany, which was used by the Dutch armed forces on behalf of NATO. Under the contract, the buyer acquires not only the physical property, but also all associated rights and obligations. 2. networks and physical connection The contract stipulates that the entire development (e.g. electricity, gas, telecommunications network) is considered as a single unit. This means that any physical connection between these networks is understood as a legal extension of the buyer's jurisdiction. For example: - Electricity network: If the electricity network of the sold property is connected to the national electricity network of Germany, the buyer's jurisdiction extends to the entire connected electricity network. - Telecommunications network: Similarly, jurisdiction is extended to the entire telecommunications and broadband network, including the transatlantic submarine cables connecting European NATO countries with the USA and Canada. 3. overlapping networks Even if there is no direct physical connection, overlapping networks located in the same territory are considered part of the acquired development unit. For example: - Gas network: if the long-distance gas network overlaps in the area of the property, it is also included in the buyer's jurisdiction. - Internet and telecommunications network: This also includes all overlapping telecommunications and Internet connections. 4. extension of sovereignty through domino effect The domino effect occurs when sovereignty extends from one NATO country to another through the physical connection of networks. This means - From NATO country to NATO country: as soon as the network of one NATO country is connected to that of another, the sovereignty of the buyer is also transferred to the network of the other NATO country. - Transatlantic connections: Via transatlantic submarine cables, jurisdiction extends to NATO countries in North America, such as the USA and Canada. 5. International waters and submarine cables Under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), states have rights over submarine cables, including in international waters. Since the state succession deed transfers all rights, obligations and components of the development unit to the buyer, this also includes the rights to submarine cables in international waters. The uniformity of the development is guaranteed by the contract. 6. territorial extension in accordance with the NATO Status of Forces Agreement The NATO Status of Forces Regulations govern the legal status of NATO troops in member states. If the military property and its development unit are transferred to the buyer: - Germany: the buyer's jurisdiction extends first over the entire German network, as the property is connected to the public development in Germany. - NATO countries: This extension then continues from NATO country to NATO country. 7. Logical connection and islanding The ends of the network strands are logically joined in such a way that they form contiguous islands. This argues that all NATO countries have completely sold their territories. Since Dutch forces occupied the property on behalf of NATO, the purchase also includes the associated rights. Summary The case leads to a comprehensive and complex extension of the buyer's sovereignty through physical and logical connections of the networks. These connections create a domino effect that extends the buyer's territorial control over numerous NATO countries and international waters. Part 81 In this scenario, where an international treaty includes the transfer of a military property and all associated supply networks as an indivisible unit, this leads to a domino effect that could have far-reaching implications for all NATO member states and their supply infrastructure. Here is a detailed explanation of this domino effect: Analysis of the domino effect 1. starting point: sale of the military property - Property and internal supply network: The military property in Germany, which was occupied by the Dutch armed forces on behalf of NATO, is sold to a natural person, including the internal supply network. - Contractual unit: The contract stipulates that all supply lines (electricity, telecommunications, water) that are physically connected and run from the property into the German public network and on to other NATO countries are considered an indivisible unit. 2. connection and integration of the supply networks - Interconnection network: These supply networks are connected to the networks of other NATO member states via the German public network. For example, electricity and telecommunications lines can be routed via border stations and hubs. - Integration and management: The buyer assumes control and management of these networks in accordance with the contract. 3. domino effect in Europe - Germany: By taking over the supply network in Germany and the contractually defined unity of the networks, the entire German public network is included in the buyer's control. - Other NATO countries in Europe: As Germany's supply networks are physically connected to the networks of other European NATO member states, the buyer's control also extends to these countries. For example, electricity grids are often integrated across national borders, as are telecommunications and internet networks. 4. involvement of the USA via submarine cables - Submarine cables and international waters: The telecommunications and internet networks are connected to the USA via submarine cables. These cables run through international waters and connect Europe with North America. - Transfer of control: Under the agreement, the buyer takes control of the entirety of the networks, including the submarine cables. 5. domino effect in the USA - Connection to the US network: The submarine cables are physically connected to the US internal networks. This includes internet hubs, telecommunications networks, and possibly power grids that supply data centers. - Control over the internal network: Since the contract provides for unity of networks, the buyer's control would theoretically include the U.S. internal network since they are physically connected to the transatlantic submarine cables. Conclusion The treaty, which includes the transfer of supply networks as an indivisible unit, would lead to a domino effect that would have far-reaching and profound implications for the infrastructure and sovereignty of all affected NATO countries, including the US. Part 82 Legal explanation of the domino effect in the state succession deed for utility networks In this scenario, a state succession deed is used to transfer a military property and the associated supply networks (electricity, gas, telecommunications, water) as an indivisible unit to a new buyer. These networks extend across several NATO countries and also include submarine cables between the EU, the USA and Canada. The domino effect describes how control of these supply networks jumps from one network to another and from one NATO country to the next. Here is a detailed legal explanation of this domino effect. 1. unity of supply networks and the legal framework Definition and recognition - Unity of supply networks: The Instrument of State Succession defines all supply networks (electricity, gas, telecommunications, water) as one indivisible unit. - Legal force by reference: The deed refers to an existing transfer relationship and remains unaffected, whereby the new agreement is automatically recognized if the conditions of the old contract are met. Legal basis - NATO Status of Forces: This regulates the stationing and rights of NATO troops in the member states, including the use of military properties and the associated infrastructure. - UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS): regulates the laying and maintenance of submarine cables in international waters. 2. domino effect within and between supply networks Within overlapping networks - Overlapping networks: In many regions, different supply networks (e.g. electricity and gas lines) overlap. If the deed defines these networks as a single unit, control is automatically transferred to all networks located in the same geographical area. - Legal basis: As the networks are considered an indivisible unit, control is not interrupted even if physical connections are missing. This is based on the assumption that the infrastructure is managed as a coherent system. Between similar networks - Physical connection: When utility networks are physically connected (e.g. power lines between two NATO countries), control automatically jumps from one network to the next according to the deed. - Legal basis: This transfer is based on the existing infrastructure and the international agreements governing the connection and cooperation between NATO countries. 3. cross-border transfer of control From one NATO country to the next - Domino effect for physical connections: When utility grids are physically connected from one NATO country to another, control automatically transfers to the grids of the next country. - Example: An electricity grid running from Germany to France transfers control of the German grid to the buyer, and through the physical connection also the French grid. In international waters - Submarine cables: Submarine cables connecting NATO countries in the EU with the USA and Canada are also affected as they are considered part of the indivisible unit. - Legal basis: UNCLOS permits the laying and maintenance of submarine cables in international waters. The rights and obligations under the Instrument of State Succession therefore also extend to these cables, as they are considered an integral part of the supply networks. 4. Legal consequences and practical implementation Unified administration - Administrative challenges: The management of these extensive and complex supply networks poses enormous administrative challenges, particularly in coordinating between different types of networks and across state borders. - Transfer of sovereignty: By recognizing the state succession deed, the transfer of sovereignty over the supply networks remains valid even in international waters. Security issues - Critical infrastructure: Control over critical infrastructure by a natural person or a new entity under international law could pose significant security risks for the states concerned. - International stability: Such a scenario would likely lead to significant international instability and potential conflict. Conclusion The state succession deed, which defines the supply networks as an indivisible unit, triggers a domino effect in which control over these networks jumps from overlapping networks to different networks and from one NATO state to the next. This transfer of control is based on agreements under international law and the legal basis that the networks are regarded as a coherent system. The rights and obligations of the deed also extend to international waters, which means that legal control remains uninterrupted. Part 83 Domino effect in the extension of sovereignty through the sale of military property In this real-life scenario, the sale of a NATO military property and its supply lines leads to an extension of the buyer's sovereignty over the entire NATO territory. Here is a detailed explanation of how this domino effect occurs: 1. starting point: internal development of the military property The military property historically forms an island with its own internal development network, which is defined by various supply lines: - Water and sewage network - road network - Telecommunications network - Broadband and internet network - Telecommunications network - Gas transmission network - Electricity grid 2. connection to the public grid through the contract The contract provides for these development networks to be connected to the public grid, triggering a domino effect: - Legally binding regulation: the contract states that the development unit is sold as a whole, including all rights, obligations and components. - Connection to public networks: The internal network of the property is connected to external public networks, extending the buyer's sovereignty over the connected network areas. 3. extension of sovereignty through network connections Water network: - Internal supply: The property has an internal water supply system. - External connection: By connecting to the public water network, jurisdiction is extended to the entire connected water network. - Territorial extension: this initially covers the whole of Germany and then spreads to other NATO countries connected by shared water infrastructures. Road network: - Internal roads: The property has an internal road network. - External connection: Connection to the public road network, extending jurisdiction to the entire connected road network. - Territorial extension: This concerns all road links connecting Germany with other NATO countries. Telecommunications network: - Internal communication: The property has its own telecommunications network. - External connection: Connection to the public telecommunications network, extending sovereignty to the entire connected network. - Territorial extension: This includes all NATO countries connected by telecommunications infrastructures. Broadband and Internet network: - Internal network: the property has its own broadband and internet network. - External connection: Connection to the public broadband and internet network, including transatlantic submarine cables. - Territorial extension: Jurisdiction extends to all connected NATO countries in Europe and North America (USA, Canada). Telecommunications network: - Internal telecommunication network: the property has its own telecommunication network. - External connection: Connection to the public telecommunications network, extending jurisdiction to the entire connected network. - Territorial extension: This includes all NATO countries connected by the telecommunications network. Long-distance gas network: - Internal gas network: the property has its own long-distance gas network. - External connection: Connection to the public long-distance gas network, extending jurisdiction to the entire connected network. - Territorial extension: This concerns all NATO countries connected by gas infrastructures. Electricity grid: - Internal electricity grid: the property has its own electricity grid. - External connection: Connection to the European interconnected electricity grid. - Territorial extension: Jurisdiction extends to all NATO countries connected by the European electricity grid. 4. total NATO territorial extension The domino effect means that the buyer's sovereignty is systematically extended by connecting the internal development grids with the public grids: - Germany: Initially, the sovereignty covers the whole of Germany, as all networks in Germany are connected. - NATO countries: From Germany, the sovereignty extends to other NATO countries connected by the various networks (water, roads, telecommunications, broadband, internet, telecommunications network, gas and electricity). - Transatlantic connections: In particular, through broadband and Internet connections, including transatlantic submarine cables, jurisdiction also extends to NATO countries in North America (USA, Canada). 5. end result Through the domino effect and the logical connection of the networks, sovereignty over the entire NATO territory is sold to the buyer. This is achieved through the successive extension of jurisdiction along the connected networks, which are defined in the contract as a single development unit. - Inclusion of the 20 kV ring line and the city in the sale Part 84 The contract for the sale of the NATO military property and the associated grids covers various legal and practical aspects. Here we explain how the 20 kV ring line and the city were ultimately included in the purchase despite the specific provisions in the contract. 1. contractual basis and unit concept Unity of the development - Contractual provision: The contract states that the entire development is sold as a unit. This includes all networks and infrastructure belonging to the development of the area. - Unitary sale: This means that all networks and infrastructures contributing to the development are considered and transferred as a coherent unit. 2. specific regulations on the 20 kV ring line Transfer before the contract - Ownership of the city: The 20 kV ring line was transferred to the city before the contract was concluded. - Contractual exception: The contract states that the 20 kV ring line will not be sold. Severability clause - Definition and application: The severability clause ensures that the contract remains legally valid even if parts of it are invalid or unenforceable. - Unified development: Since the entire development is considered a unit, this also includes the 20 kV ring line, even if it was temporarily owned by the city. 3. extension and inclusion of the city Linking the grids - Extension by other grids: The city and its grids were included in the purchase through the extension and integration of other grids. - Sovereignty: The contract transfers sovereignty over all connected networks and the territories connected to them to the buyer. 4. ownership and sovereign rights Ownership of the city - Transfer of ownership: Although the city formally owned the 20 kV ring line, it was included in the purchase through the contractual provision on the unity of development and the severability clause. - Rights and obligations: The purchaser assumes all rights and obligations associated with the 20 kV ring line and the other grids. Sovereign rights over the city - Contract clause: The clause that the entire development forms a unit also includes the sovereign rights over the city, as this is included in the purchase through the integration of the grids. - Legally compliant regulation: Even if the specific regulation on the 20 kV ring line were to be legally contested, the severability clause applies and ensures that a legally compliant regulation is found that fulfills the purpose of the contract. Summary The contract for the sale of the NATO military property and the associated grids covers all infrastructure and grids as a single unit. Although the 20 kV ring line was originally transferred to the city and the contract states that it will not be sold, it is nevertheless included in the purchase through the severability clause and the unity concept. The city and its grids are included in the purchase through the extension and integration of other grids, and the sovereign rights over the entire area are transferred to the buyer. Part 85 Transfer of sovereignty and the role of the commercial enterprise In the case where an international treaty involves the transfer of a NATO military property and its networks, it is important to clarify how private commercial enterprises and their networks are affected, especially if they have rights of use through separate contracts. Here is a detailed explanation: 1. license agreement and broadband cable network Reference to the license agreement - License agreement: The agreement refers to an existing license agreement that allows a commercial enterprise to operate the broadband cable network. - Rights of use: The commercial enterprise has the right to operate the broadband cable network based on the license agreement. 2. inclusion of the broadband cable network in the state succession Transfer of sovereignty - Contract clause: The international contract stipulates that all development networks, including private networks, are considered and transferred as a single unit. - Broadband cable network: The broadband cable network is part of this development unit and is therefore affected by the state succession. 3. exclusion of the commercial enterprise from the international treaty No legal capacity under international law - Commercial enterprise: The commercial enterprise cannot bear any rights under international law as it has no subjectivity under international law. - Contracting parties: Only states and international organizations can conclude international treaties as subjects of international law. Exclusivity of the international treaty - Contracting parties: The international treaty remains limited to the states and international organizations involved. - Exclusion of the business enterprise: The business enterprise is expressly excluded from the international treaty. 4. legal force of the treaty through a severability clause Severability clause - Definition: A severability clause ensures that the contract remains legally binding even if parts of it are invalid or unenforceable. - Application: Even if the commercial enterprise's license agreement is excluded from the international contract, the rest of the contract remains valid. Legal force and enforceability - Continuity of the treaty: The international treaty remains in force and binding on the subjects of international law involved. - Continuity of rights and obligations: The transferred rights, obligations and sovereign powers remain in force, irrespective of the specific regulation of the broadband cable network. Summary Irrespective of the fact that the contract refers to a license agreement that allows a commercial enterprise to operate the broadband cable network, this network remains affected by the state succession. The commercial enterprise is excluded from the contract under international law, as it cannot bear any rights under international law. The contract remains legally binding due to a severability clause, which ensures that the transfer of sovereignty and the associated rights and obligations remain in place. Part 86 Legal implications of the extension of sovereignty by deed of state succession In this scenario, the state succession deed leads to the extension of the buyer's sovereignty over the entire territory of the NATO states through the sale and inclusion of the supply networks, which are considered an indivisible unit. This implies that the NATO countries no longer have their own territory, as all rights, obligations and components of the supply networks have been transferred to the buyer. 1. principles of state succession and territorial extension Definitions and principles - Territorial extension: The extension of a sovereign territory through the inclusion of additional territories due to infrastructural connections, such as supply networks. - State succession: The legal process by which a state transfers sovereignty over a territory to another state or legal entity. - Indivisible unit: Utility networks (electricity, gas, telecommunications, water) are considered an indivisible unit, which automatically extends sovereignty to all areas served by these networks. Legal basis - Contractual agreements: The state succession deed regulates the conditions and scope of the transfer, including all rights, obligations and components of the supply networks. - Recognition under international law: The international community and the affected states must recognize the state succession and the associated legal successions in order to continue international treaties and agreements. 2. mechanism for the extension of sovereignty Unity of supply networks - Unified development: The treaty defines the entire development, including all supply networks, as an indivisible unit. - Automatic extension: Sovereignty is extended to all areas covered by these networks, so that the NATO states effectively no longer have their own territory. 3. Legal consequences and practical implications Loss of sovereign territory - Transfer of sovereignty: By including the supply networks in the state succession deed, sovereignty over all NATO states is transferred to the buyer. - Legal legitimation: The legal basis of this transfer is based on the recognition of the State Succession Deed and the definition of the supply networks as an indivisible unit. Types of assets affected - State-owned enterprises and assets: All companies and enterprises owned by the NATO states are transferred to the ownership of the new sovereign. - Examples: Energy supply companies, telecommunications companies, railroad companies, waterworks. - State-owned buildings: All state-owned buildings and facilities are also transferred. - Examples: Government buildings, administrative buildings, public schools, hospitals, military facilities. - Infrastructure: All infrastructure projects financed and operated by the state. - Examples: Roads, bridges, tunnels, harbors, airports. - Land and real estate: All land and real estate owned by NATO countries. - Examples: Nature reserves, public parks, state-owned residential buildings. - Resources and rights: All natural resources and the rights to use these resources. - Examples: Mining concessions, water use rights, fishing rights. - Financial assets: State bank accounts, bonds, investments. - Cultural heritage: Historical buildings, monuments, museums and their collections. - Documents and data: Official government documents, databases and records. - Military equipment and facilities: All military assets owned by NATO countries. - Treaties and agreements: Existing state treaties and agreements with other states and international organizations. 4. precedents and legal justification Historical precedents - Treaty of Saint-Germain (1919): The partition of Austria-Hungary led to the creation of new states and the transfer of territories and infrastructure to ensure logical and practical administration. - Break-up of the Soviet Union (1991): The breakup of the Soviet Union led to the creation of new states, which took over sovereignty and assets. Legal justification - Recognition under international law: The legal succession is legally legitimized by reference to existing international treaties and the automatic recognition of the new treaty. - Indivisible unit: The definition of the supply networks as an indivisible unit ensures that control over these networks is not interrupted, even if they expand geographically. 5. Practical challenges and security issues Unified administration - Administrative challenges: Managing these extensive and complex supply networks poses enormous administrative challenges, particularly in coordinating between different types of networks and across national borders. - Continuity of sovereignty: The transfer of sovereignty remains consistent as the networks are considered an indivisible unit. Security issues - Critical infrastructure: Control of critical infrastructure by a natural person or a new subject under international law could pose significant security risks for the states concerned. - International stability: Such a scenario would likely lead to significant international instability and potential conflict. Conclusion The state succession deed, which defines the entire development as an indivisible unit, extends sovereignty over all NATO states to the buyer. As a result, the NATO states effectively no longer have their own territory and all rights, obligations and components of the supply networks have been transferred to the buyer. The types of assets affected include state-owned enterprises, state-owned buildings, infrastructure, land and real estate, resources, financial assets, cultural heritage, documents and data, and military equipment and facilities. Historical precedents and the legal justification underpin this succession and the automatic recognition of the new contract. Part 87 Legal explanation of the extension of territory through supply networks In this scenario, a small military property, originally occupied by NATO, is sold by a deed of succession. The deed transfers sovereignty to the buyer and extends it to all supply networks (electricity, gas, telecommunications, water) emanating from the property. These networks are regarded as an indivisible unit, which extends jurisdiction to the areas of the networks that extend from the property. The legal challenge is to establish an external boundary that connects the outer strands of the networks into a logical overall area. 1. Contractual content and definition of the supply networks Unity of the supply networks - Unity of development: The state succession deed defines all supply networks as an indivisible unit, which means that the sovereignty over these networks remains undivided and automatically extends to all areas in which the networks run. - Legal force by reference: The deed refers to an existing transfer relationship and remains unaffected, whereby the new agreement is automatically recognized if the conditions of the old contract are met. 2. Mechanism for determining boundaries and extending sovereignty Legal basis - Indivisible unit: By defining the networks as an indivisible unit in the state succession deed, sovereignty is extended not only to the original area of the military property, but also to all areas connected by these networks. - Automatic extension: As soon as a network extends from the property, sovereignty is automatically extended to the entire areas connected by the networks. Boundary determination - Outer strands: The outer strands of the supply networks are identified and a logical total area is formed that includes these strands. - Logical total area: The connection of the outer strands forms a contiguous area or "island", which is legally considered to be the extended territory of the buyer. 3. Precedents and legal justification Historical precedents - Treaty of Trianon (1920): After the First World War, Hungary's territory was drastically reduced. The treaty established new borders, which also affected infrastructure. The demarcation was partly based on natural geographical features and existing infrastructure. - Treaty of Saint-Germain (1919): This treaty regulated the division of Austria-Hungary and led to the creation of new states. Here too, borders were drawn based on existing infrastructures in order to ensure logical and practical administration. Legal justification - Recognition under international law: By referring to the existing transfer relationship and the automatic recognition of the new treaty, the extension of sovereignty is legally legitimized. - Indivisible unit: The legal definition of the supply networks as an indivisible unit ensures that control over these networks is not interrupted, even if they expand geographically. - Logical boundary definition: The outer strands of the supply networks are considered boundaries that form a contiguous area that is recognized as the buyer's new territory. 4. Practical implications and challenges Unified administration - Administrative challenges: Managing these extensive and complex supply networks poses enormous administrative challenges, particularly in coordinating between different types of networks and across state borders. - Continuity of sovereignty: The transfer of sovereignty remains consistent as the networks are considered an indivisible unit. Conclusion The state succession deed, which defines the supply networks as an indivisible unit, extends sovereignty from the small original military property to the entire areas served by these networks. The outer strands of the networks are joined to form a logical whole, which is regarded as the extended territory of the purchaser. Historical precedents and legal reasoning underpin this extension and the automatic recognition of the new treaty. Part 88 Legal explanation of the domino effect in the case of overlapping networks by means of a state succession deed In this scenario, a state succession deed is used to transfer a military property and the associated supply networks (electricity, gas, telecommunications, water) as an indivisible unit to a new buyer. The domino effect describes how jurisdiction jumps from one network to another without the need for a physical connection, as the entire development is considered a single unit. 1. Contractual content and definition of supply networks Unity of the supply networks - Unified development: The state succession deed defines all supply networks (electricity, gas, telecommunications, water) as an indivisible unit. - Legal force by reference: The deed refers to an existing transfer relationship and remains unaffected, whereby the new agreement is automatically recognized if the conditions of the old contract are fulfilled. 2. Legal basis of the domino effect for overlapping networks Overlapping networks - Definition: Overlapping networks are those in which different types of supply lines (e.g. electricity and gas lines) run in the same geographical area without there having to be a physical connection between them. - Legal basis: The definition as an indivisible unit in the state succession deed means that the sovereignty transferred to one network is automatically extended to all other networks in the same area. 3. mechanism of the domino effect Legal explanation of the effect - Automatic extension of sovereignty: If a network runs in an area of a sold network, sovereignty is automatically transferred to the overlaying network. An actual physical connection between the networks is not required. - Legal unit: The networks are legally considered as one unit, which means that the buyer's sovereign rights and obligations are extended to all networks in the same area. Example application - Case study: In an area where a gas transmission network is sold and where there is also an electricity network, sovereignty over the electricity network is automatically transferred to the buyer, even though there is no physical connection between the two networks. - Extension of sovereign rights: This transfer is based on the definition in the state succession deed that all supply networks are regarded as an indivisible unit. 4. Legal consequences and practical implications Unified administration - Administrative challenges: The management of these extensive and complex supply networks poses enormous administrative challenges, particularly in the coordination between different types of networks. - Continuity of sovereignty: The transfer of sovereignty remains consistent as the networks are considered an indivisible unit. Security issues - Critical infrastructure: Control of critical infrastructure by a natural person or a new subject under international law could pose significant security risks for the states concerned. - International stability: Such a scenario would likely lead to significant international instability and potential conflict. Conclusion The domino effect of overlapping networks occurs when jurisdiction jumps from one network to another in the same geographical area without the need for a physical connection. This is based on the legal definition in the state succession deed, which considers all supply networks as one indivisible unit. The rights and obligations of the purchaser therefore automatically extend to all overlapping networks, which leads to far-reaching legal, political and security consequences. Part 89 Inclusion of private company networks and possible nationalization In the case where all access networks of a NATO military site are sold as a unit, this also concerns the networks of private companies. Here are the legal aspects and the possibility of nationalizing these networks: 1. inclusion of the networks of private companies Contractual regulation - Scope of the sale: The contract states that all development networks, including those of private companies, form a unit and are sold with all rights, obligations and components. - Sovereignty: Sovereignty over the area in which these networks run is transferred to the buyer, regardless of whether the networks are privately owned. Private companies and their networks - Private ownership: Networks owned by private companies are also covered by the contractual regulation. - Rights of use: The buyer acquires sovereignty and thus the right to regulate and control the use of these networks. 2. no obligation to protect private property Principle of state sovereignty - Sovereignty: A sovereign state has legal and administrative control over its territory and the infrastructures within it, irrespective of private ownership. - Regulatory right: The state can regulate the use and management of private infrastructures within the scope of its sovereign rights. Legal basis - Contract law: The contract transfers sovereignty and the associated rights, obligations and powers to the buyer, including the management of private networks. - International practice: In international treaties and state regulations, it is common for sovereignty over infrastructure to be exercised independently of ownership. 3. possibility of nationalization Nationalization as a theoretical option - Definition: Nationalization means the takeover of private property by the state in order to place it under state control. - Legal basis: A sovereign state can take legal measures to nationalize private property if this is in the public interest. Practical implementation - Legislation: The buyer, as the new sovereign, could enact laws allowing the nationalization of private networks. - Compensation: Many legal systems provide for adequate compensation for the affected owners in the event of nationalization. Significance of the option - Theoretical option: Even if it is not planned, the possibility of nationalization exists, which shows that the sovereign power of the buyer is comprehensive and is not limited by private property rights. - Control and management: The possibility of nationalization underlines the buyer's full control and management of the infrastructure in the area sold. Summary The contract for the sale of the NATO military property and its development networks also includes the networks of private companies. Sovereignty over these networks is transferred to the buyer, regardless of private ownership. Theoretically, it is possible to nationalize these networks, although this is not planned. This option shows that the buyer, as the new sovereign, has comprehensive control and management rights over the entire infrastructure in the area sold. Part 90 In the context of the contract discussed and the provision that all development networks form a unit and are sold with all rights, obligations and components, the following legal considerations arise: 1. unity of the development networks Definition and meaning - Contractual regulation: The contract defines that all development networks (including water, electricity, gas, telecommunications, etc.) form a unit. - Sale with all rights, obligations and components: This means that the buyer assumes all rights and obligations associated with the networks, regardless of whether these networks are private or public. 2. private networks and transmission rights Private networks - Private ownership: Private networks are networks owned by private individuals or private companies. - Transmission rights: These networks may pass through the buyer's territory and the buyer has the legal authority to regulate and use transmission rights. 3. sovereignty and rights in the territory of private networks Sale of sovereignty - Sovereignty: Sovereignty refers to the legal and administrative control over an area and the infrastructure therein. - Inclusion of private networks: Even if the networks are privately owned, the sovereign rights over the territory in which these networks run have been sold. Implications of the contractual clause - Territorial sovereignty: The contractual clause that all development networks form a single unit transfers sovereignty over the entire territory, including the private networks, to the buyer. - Rights and obligations: The buyer takes over not only the physical networks, but also the legal control and management of the areas in which these networks run. 4. legal compliance and enforcement Contractual commitment - Legally binding: The contract is legally binding and obliges all parties involved to fulfill the agreed provisions. - Enforcement: The buyer has the right to enforce control and management over the private networks and the associated rights under national and international laws. 5. Examples and precedents International practice - Transfer of jurisdiction: In similar cases of international treaties, jurisdiction over a territory is often transferred regardless of private ownership, as long as the legal control and management of the territory is regulated in the treaty. - Precedents: There are examples where sovereignty over infrastructure projects has been transferred to new state or private owners based on contractual agreements, despite private participation. Summary The provision in the contract that all development networks form a unit implies that sovereignty over the entire area, including areas with private networks or networks with transmission rights, is transferred to the buyer. The buyer acquires not only the physical networks, but also the legal control and management of the areas in which these networks run. This means that sovereignty in the area of the private networks is a right that has been sold and transferred by the contract. Part 91 Comprehensive transfer of rights, obligations and components in the sale The sale of the NATO military property included not only the physical property, but also all associated rights, obligations and components. This includes a variety of infrastructure and businesses located in the area. Here is a detailed explanation of how these various elements were integrated into the sale: 1. sale with all rights, obligations and components Contractual provision - Scope of the sale: The contract expressly states that the object of purchase was sold with all rights, obligations and components. - Legal consequences: This means that the buyer takes over all legal and administrative aspects of the property and the associated infrastructures. 2. inclusion of state-owned companies and their networks State-owned enterprises - Definition: State-owned enterprises are companies that are owned by the state and provide services or goods for the general public. - Sale and transfer: State-owned enterprises located in the sold territory were also transferred to the buyer, including their infrastructure and networks. Parent companies and subsidiaries - Corporate structure: The transfer also includes parent companies and subsidiaries of the state-owned enterprises, provided they operate in the sold territory. - Complete corporate networks: All related networks and infrastructures of the parent companies and subsidiaries are part of the sale. 3. publicly-owned companies and partial ownership in state hands Publicly owned companies - Ownership structure: Public enterprises that are partially or wholly owned by the state are also transferred. - Infrastructure and networks: These operations and their associated infrastructures and networks are part of the sale. Partial ownership by the state - Sale and transfer: Shares in operations and their networks that are partially owned by the state are also transferred, provided they are located in the area being sold. 4. rights of use and transmission rights to networks of all kinds Rights of use - Definition: Rights of use refer to the permission to use certain infrastructures, even if they are privately owned. - Transfer: Rights of use to infrastructure located in the area sold are also transferred to the buyer. Transmission rights - Definition: Transmission rights are rights to use infrastructure to route services or goods through a specific area. - Transfer: These rights are also transferred to the buyer, regardless of whether the infrastructures are privately owned. 5. networks of private utilities Private utility companies - Ownership: Private utilities operating infrastructures and networks in the sold area retain their ownership, but sovereignty over these networks is subject to the buyer. - Sovereign rights: The buyer acquires sovereign rights over the territory, including the networks of private companies. 6. Sovereign rights and their meaning Definition of sovereign rights - Legal control: Sovereign rights refer to the legal and administrative control over a territory and the infrastructures therein. - Independence from ownership: These rights are transferred independently of private ownership or the rights of use of commercial enterprises. Transfer of sovereign rights - Comprehensive control: The buyer acquires comprehensive control over all infrastructures and networks in the area sold, including those in private ownership. - Contractual provision: The contractual provision ensures that the sovereign rights are transferred together with the physical and infrastructural elements of the territory. Summary The sale of the NATO military property and associated networks involved a comprehensive transfer of all rights, obligations and components. This includes state-owned companies, their parent companies and subsidiaries, public-law companies and partial ownership in state hands. Usage and transmission rights to networks of all kinds as well as networks of private utility companies are also part of the sale. The sovereign rights over the territory are transferred to the buyer irrespective of private ownership or the rights of use of commercial enterprises. Part 92 Domino effect of territorial expansion through overlapping networks In the case where a NATO military property and its utilities are sold, a domino effect occurs, extending the buyer's jurisdiction through overlapping networks. The contract defines the development as a single entity, whereby any crossing or overlapping of networks leads to further territorial expansion. Here is a detailed explanation of this process: 1. starting point: sale of the military property and internal development networks The military property has an internal stand-alone development network that connects to the public network. These internal networks include: - Water and sewage network - road network - Telecommunications network - Broadband and internet network - Telecommunications network - Gas transmission network - Electricity network 2. expansion through physical connections Firstly, sovereignty is extended through direct physical connections between internal networks and public networks. Here are some examples: - Electricity grid: The internal electricity grid is connected to the national electricity grid and extends through the European interconnected grid. - Broadband network: The internal broadband network is connected to the national and transnational broadband network, including transatlantic connections. 3. overlapping networks and logical connections The key domino effect occurs when networks overlap or intersect, extending the buyer's jurisdiction to other areas, even without a direct physical connection. Example 1: Gas transmission network and electricity grid - Internal development: The gas transmission network of the property is connected to the national gas transmission network. - Overlap: The national gas transmission grid crosses the national electricity grid at several points. - Territorial extension: The crossing extends the buyer's sovereignty to the electricity grid and the areas connected to it. Example 2: Electricity grid and broadband network - Internal development: The electricity grid of the property is connected to the European interconnected grid. - Overlap: The European electricity grid crosses the broadband network, which also includes transatlantic connections. - Territorial extension: The crossing extends the buyer's jurisdiction to the broadband grid and all connected territories, including the US and Canada. Example 3: Broadband network and telecommunications network - Internal development: The broadband network of the property is connected to the national and international broadband network. - Overlap: The broadband network crosses the telecommunications network, which includes both national and international connections. - Territorial extension: The crossing extends the buyer's jurisdiction to the telecommunications network and all connected territories. 4. circular extension through crossovers The extension of jurisdiction is circular, as each network that crosses another contributes to further territorial extension: - Water and sewage network: Intersects the road network and thus expands further. - Road network: Intersects the telecommunication network and extends sovereignty to further areas. - Telecommunications network: Crosses the internet network and thus also includes international connections. 5. total NATO territorial extension Through the continuous intersections and overlaps of the networks, the sovereignty of the purchaser is systematically extended: - Germany: initially, the jurisdiction covers the whole of Germany through the numerous internal and external connections of the networks. - NATO countries: From Germany, sovereignty spreads to other NATO countries connected by the various networks. - Transatlantic connections: Particularly through broadband and Internet connections, sovereignty also extends to NATO countries in North America (USA, Canada). End result The domino effect means that each intersection and overlap of networks further extends the buyer's jurisdiction. This happens regardless of direct physical connections, as the development unit as a whole is defined in the contract. Due to the large number of connections and overlaps, all NATO countries are ultimately covered by the sovereignty of the buyer. Part 93 Application of state succession to newly laid networks after 1998 1. background: State succession deed and new networks - 1998: Conclusion of the State Succession Deed, which regulates the transfer of the sovereign rights of the NATO property to the buyer. - 2000: Supplementary deed confirming the fulfillment of the contractual obligations by the buyer. - Networks: Development networks that existed at the time of the contract and newly laid networks after 1998. 2. principle of state succession and extension Scope of the contract: - Comprehensive sale: the 1998 contract covers the transfer of sovereign rights and the development networks that existed at that time. - Extension clause: If the contract contains a clause stating that the entire development is considered as a unit, newly laid networks could also be covered by this provision. 3. applicability to newly laid networks Newly laid networks after 1998: - Network unit: if the contract explicitly or implicitly states that the development networks form a unit, this may mean that future extensions of the networks are also covered by the contract. - Continuity of sovereign rights: The transfer of sovereign rights would therefore also affect newly laid networks, provided that these extensions are considered part of the development unit. Exemplary application: - Electricity network, telecommunication network, broadband network: if these networks were extended or newly laid after 1998, they would be part of the development unit and subject to the sovereign rights and obligations set out in the Treaty. 4. international law principles and treaty adaptation Treaty interpretation: - Teleological interpretation: The interpretation of the treaty should take into account the meaning and purpose of the agreement, especially if the treaty aims to consider the development as a continuous and unitary structure. State succession and continuity: - Treaty obligations: New NATO member states that joined after 1998 assume the obligations of existing treaties, including network expansion. - Legal continuity: The sovereign rights and obligations under the State Succession Treaty thus also apply to newly installed networks. Summary The extension of development networks after 1998 to newly laid networks would be covered by the State Succession Deed if the contract expressly or implicitly states that the whole development is considered as a unit. The transfer of sovereign rights and obligations under the Treaty would therefore also affect newly installed networks. This also applies to new NATO member states that joined after 1998, as they assume the existing obligations under international law. Part 94 In this scenario, in which a treaty under international law covers the transfer of a military property and all associated supply networks as an indivisible unit, and these networks, including submarine cables for internet and telecommunications, run from European NATO member states across the Atlantic to the US, which is also a NATO member and has agreed to the treaty, specific questions of the law of the sea and territorial extension arise. Analysis and consequences under the law of the sea 1. Treaty content and ratification - Unity of the supply network: The treaty defines all supply lines, including submarine cables for internet and telecommunications, running from European NATO member states to the USA as an indivisible unit. - Transfer of rights and obligations: The buyer assumes all rights and obligations under international law associated with these supply networks. - Ratification by NATO countries: All NATO member states, including the U.S., have agreed to and ratified the treaty. 2. aspects of the law of the sea - UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS): The Law of the Sea, in particular the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), regulates the use and protection of international waters, including the laying and operation of submarine cables. - International waters: Submarine cables pass through international waters that are not part of the territory of a state but are considered to be the common heritage of mankind. States have the right to lay, maintain and operate submarine cables in these waters. 3. Legal consequences of ratification - Binding force of the treaty: Ratification makes the treaty legally binding, and the USA is obliged to recognize and implement the provisions contained therein. - Transfer of control: If the treaty effectively transfers control of the supply networks as an indivisible unit to the buyer, this could theoretically lead to a de facto transfer of control of these networks, including those running into the USA. 4. unintended territorial effects - De facto expansion of territory: The transfer of all of the supply networks as a unit could result in a de facto territorial expansion, as the buyer would assume control of those networks even if they pass through international waters and reach the United States. - Management and control: The buyer would theoretically have control and management over these networks, which would create significant practical and administrative challenges, particularly with respect to U.S. national security and sovereignty. Conclusion If the treaty is ratified and the U.S. has agreed that the utility grids will be considered and transferred as an indivisible unit, the U.S. could theoretically be affected by the sale. Part 95 Legal analysis: Affectedness of submarine cables by state succession deed in international waters The submarine cables that run between NATO countries in the EU and the US and Canada are affected in the scenario of state succession if the deed defines the supply networks as an indivisible unit. This analysis focuses on the legal situation in international waters on the high seas and explains why the deed's claim does not come to nothing there and is not interrupted. 1. Contractual content and definition of supply networks - Unity of the supply networks: The State Succession Deed defines that all supply networks (electricity, gas, telecommunications, water) are considered an indivisible unit. - Inclusion of submarine cables: This definition also includes the submarine cables that run between the NATO countries in the EU and the USA and Canada. 2. legal situation in international waters - UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS): The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) regulates the use and protection of international waters. Article 87 (freedom of the high seas) and Article 112 (laying of submarine cables and pipelines) are particularly relevant here. - Freedom of the high seas: Article 87 UNCLOS grants all states the freedom of the high seas, including the freedom to lay submarine cables. - Laying and maintenance of cables: Article 112 UNCLOS confirms the right of all States to lay and maintain submarine cables in international waters. 3. Legal reasoning: Application of the Instrument of State Succession to submarine cables - Indivisible unit: As the Instrument of State Succession defines the supply networks as an indivisible unit, control over these networks, including submarine cables, is not interrupted by leaving national territory. - Continuity of rights and obligations: The rights and obligations associated with the supply networks extend throughout the submarine cables, as they are considered an integral part of the networks. 4. Affecting the submarine cables through state succession - Extension of sovereign rights: The buyer assumes sovereign rights over the supply networks, including the submarine cables, as these are defined as an indivisible unit. This also applies to the part of the submarine cable that runs through international waters. - Recognition under international law: The instrument of state succession, which has been recognized by all NATO states, transfers these rights to the buyer, whereby the claim to the submarine cables is also recognized in international waters. 5. Practical implications and continuity - Technical management: Although the management and maintenance of submarine cables in international waters is technically and logistically demanding, legal control remains uninterrupted. - Transfer of sovereignty: By recognizing the state succession deed, the transfer of sovereignty remains valid in international waters as the supply networks are considered a single entity. Conclusion The Instrument of State Succession, which defines the supply networks as an indivisible unit, also includes the submarine cables between NATO countries in the EU and the USA and Canada. According to UNCLOS, states have the right to lay and maintain submarine cables. As the rights and obligations of the supply networks are transferred by the state succession deed, this also applies to the submarine cables in international waters. The claim of the deed therefore does not come to nothing and legal control remains uninterrupted. Part 96 The case describes a contract concerning a military property and its associated networks and leads to a particular type of territorial extension without universal succession. Here is a detailed explanation: 1. no universal succession Universal succession means the complete assumption of all rights and obligations of one state by another, including all state debts. In this case, however, it is not a universal succession, but a specific transfer of sovereign rights that only concerns the military property and the networks connected to it. 2. Specific state succession of the military property The state succession deed relates to a specific military property. This deed regulates the transfer of sovereign rights over the property and the associated networks, which form a single entity. This transfer is extended to the entire NATO territory through the domino effect. 3. Domino effect and networks The domino effect occurs as the buyer's sovereignty extends through physical and logical connections of the networks: - Power grid: interconnection of NATO countries' power grids. - Telecommunications network: extension via transatlantic submarine cables and other telecommunications links. - Gas network: inclusion of the long-distance gas network and other overlapping networks. 4. clean slate or tabula rasa principle The clean slate or tabula rasa principle states that the new state (in this case, the buyer of the property and networks) is debt free. This means: - No assumption of government debt: The buyer does not assume any sovereign debt of the NATO countries that affect the territory. - Debt-free new territory: The buyer's newly created territory is debt-free and independent of the financial liabilities of the NATO countries. 5. continued existence of the NATO states Although the NATO countries have lost their entire territory through the sale of the networks, they do not cease to exist. They continue to exist legally and retain all their liabilities: - Legal continued existence: NATO countries continue to exist as legal entities, retain their government and population, but lose their territory. - Liabilities: All existing financial and legal liabilities remain with the NATO countries and are not transferred to the buyer. 6. no more sovereign territories The NATO countries no longer have any territory after the sale, which leads to a special situation: - No physical territory: without sovereign territory, NATO countries have no physical control over territories. - Legal and political challenges: This situation leads to legal and political challenges as NATO countries must maintain sovereignty without physical territory. Summary This treaty is not a universal succession, but a specific transfer of sovereign rights over a military property and its associated networks. The domino effect leads to the extension of the buyer's sovereignty to the entire NATO territory, without the assumption of national debts of the NATO countries. The NATO states retain their legal existence and liabilities, but lose their territory. Part 97 In order to explain the governmental boundary delineation based on the logical route between the outer strands of the supply lines and how they form a meaningful total area that de facto encompasses the entire territory of the NATO countries, it is necessary to analyze in detail the geographical and infrastructural integration of these networks. This scenario represents an extremely complex situation that implies the transfer of sovereignty over the territories concerned. Governmental border demarcation through supply networks 1. treaty content and ratification - Unity of the supply networks: The treaty defines that all utility networks (electricity, gas, telecommunications, water) are considered as one indivisible unit. - Transfer of rights and obligations: The purchaser assumes all rights, obligations and governmental authority under international law over the territories in which these networks run. - Ratification by NATO countries: All NATO countries, including the USA, have agreed to the treaty. 2. identification of the outer strands of the supply networks - Geographical analysis: A comprehensive geographical analysis of the supply networks in the NATO countries is carried out to identify the outer strands. - External supply lines: These external supply lines include the outermost electricity, gas, telecommunications and water lines that run through NATO countries and are physically interconnected. 3. logical route and connection points - Connection points: All nodes and connection points of the utility networks are mapped to create a logical route connecting the outer strands. - Geographical connection: The geographic connection of these points forms a logical route that determines the boundary delineation for the new governance. 4. formation of a contiguous area - Meaningful total area: The logical route of the outer strands forms a meaningful total area, which is defined by the geographical location of the supply networks. - Overlapping networks: In areas where there are multiple networks (e.g. gas and electricity), control jumps to all relevant networks as per the contract, extending the area. Step-by-step explanation of boundary demarcation 1. identification of the external supply lines in each NATO country - Germany: The outermost power and gas lines that form the border with other NATO and non-NATO countries are identified. - France: Similarly, the outermost supply lines of France are mapped. - Italy, Poland, etc.: This analysis is carried out for all NATO countries in Europe. 2. connection of these outer strands into a logical route - Physical connection: The outer strands of the supply lines are physically interconnected to form a continuous logical route. - Inclusion of submarine cables: Submarine cables connecting Europe with North America are considered part of the logical route. 3. formation of the total area - Contiguous area: The connection points of the outer strands and the resulting route form a contiguous area that de facto covers the entire territory of the NATO countries concerned. - Jumping control: In areas with overlapping networks, control jumps from one network to the other, thereby extending governmental authority over the entire area. Part 98 Indeed, if a state succession deed makes express reference to another contract relating to a supply network and states that the entire supply network being sold forms a single entity, this could result in the supply network, and therefore potentially parts of the territory through which the network passes, being unintentionally sold as well. Here are scenarios based on the previously mentioned examples where such a case could occur: Scenarios: 1. Treaty of Trianon (1920) - Hungary and its neighboring states - State succession deed: Assume that the Treaty of Trianon had included an additional treaty on the water supply and electricity networks, stating that the entire network forms a single entity. - Provisions: The state succession deed refers to this treaty and stipulates that the entire supply network is not shared but is taken over in its entirety by the new states. - Unintended consequences: This could result in the new states taking control of the entire grid, including the parts that run through other territories. This could lead to a de facto extension of their territory to ensure the management and maintenance of the entire network. 2. Treaty of Saint-Germain (1919) - Austria and its neighboring states - State succession deed: Suppose the treaty had included an additional treaty on the telecommunications and electricity networks, establishing the unity of these networks. - Provisions: The State Succession Deed refers to the fact that these networks will not be divided at the new state borders, but will be taken over as a unit by the new states. - Unintended consequences: This would allow the new states to take control of these supply networks in their entirety, resulting in a de facto territorial extension, as they would also have to administer the networks through the territory of the ceding state. 3. Sudetenland and the Munich Agreement (1938) - State succession deed: let's imagine that the Munich Agreement had included a treaty on telecommunications and electricity networks, establishing the unity of these networks. - Provisions: The Instrument of State Succession would have incorporated this treaty and stipulated that the Sudetenland would take control of the entire network, regardless of whether parts of the network passed through Czechoslovakia. - Unintended consequences: Germany could thereby take control of the entire infrastructure, creating logistical and administrative challenges for Czechoslovakia and resulting in a de facto expansion of German territory. 4. Kosovo and Serbia (2008) - State Succession Deed: Assume that there is a State Succession Deed between Serbia and Kosovo that refers to a treaty on telecommunications and electricity networks and establishes their unity. - Provisions: The deed stipulates that Kosovo takes control of the entire utility network that runs through both territories. - Unintended consequences: This could result in Kosovo taking control of networks in Serbian territory, leading to de facto territorial expansion and potential conflict. Legal issues and consequences: - Is the entire network included in the sale: Yes, under the terms of the treaty, which establishes the supply network as a single entity, the entire network could be considered part of the sale, regardless of state borders. This could lead to the new state taking over management and control of the entire network. - Territorial implications: This takeover could lead to a de facto extension of territory, as the new state would also have to manage the infrastructure in the territories of the ceding state. - International reactions: Such unintended territorial changes could trigger international tensions and conflicts, which might have to be resolved through diplomatic negotiations or in international courts. protect? Part 99 In this scenario, in which a new absolutist monarchy is established and private property, including land, real estate, commercial enterprises and movable assets, remains untouched, and a free capitalist economic system is maintained, several legal and economic aspects arise regarding the treatment of legal persons and business enterprises. Here are the main considerations: 1. continued existence of private property and property rights Legal entities and business enterprises: - Continuity: legal entities (e.g. companies, associations) retain their legal personality and remain recognized in the new state. - Property rights: All property rights to real estate, land and movable assets remain in place. This means that companies remain the owners of their assets. - Legal succession: The new state enters into existing contracts insofar as these are compatible with the new legal system. 2. economic order and legal framework Free capitalist economic system: - Market economy: the monarch intends to maintain a market economy order in which private property and economic freedom are respected. - Legal certainty: The laws of the new state are expected to respect the property rights and contracts that existed before the state was founded. 3. protection of foreigners and foreign investment Rights of foreigners: - Property protection: foreigners who own property in the new state retain their rights as long as these are in accordance with the new legal system. - Investment protection: The state may enact investment protection agreements and laws to promote and protect foreign investment. 4. administrative and tax law Administration: - Inventory management: the new administrative system must adopt registers and documents to ensure continuity of ownership. - Tax system: Companies and individuals will be taxed under the new tax system, which should ideally build on the existing systems to ensure economic stability. 5. international law aspects Recognition and treaties: - Treaty compliance: the new state adopts international treaties and agreements where compatible. This concerns trade agreements, investment protection agreements and other relevant international obligations. - Economic integration: The state can take measures to remain economically integrated in regional and international markets. 6. Practical measures Protective measures: - Legislation: introduce laws that ensure the protection of property rights and the continuity of business enterprises. - Institutional support: Establish institutions to support and promote businesses, including chambers of commerce and economic development agencies. Summary In the new absolutist monarchy, the rights of legal persons and business enterprises are preserved. Private property is respected and a free capitalist economic system remains in place. Foreigners retain their property rights, and the continuity of property and contractual relationships is ensured by appropriate laws and administrative practices. The new state enters into existing international obligations to promote economic stability and integration. Part 100 In international law, the usurpation of territory (also known as "acquisitive prescription" or "prescriptive acquisition") means that a state lawfully acquires sovereignty over a territory through the prolonged, uncontested exercise of jurisdiction over that territory after a certain period of time. This is a complex and rarely applied mechanism in international law. In the present case, where a purchaser has acquired a NATO property and the sovereign rights associated with it, the question arises whether the usurpation of the territory by the NATO states is possible if the purchaser and sovereign has objected to the deed and declared the territories to be an absolutist monarchy. 1. succession in international law Succession usually requires two main conditions: A. Long, uncontested possession: the state must exercise effective control over the territory for a long period of time without significant contestation. B. Recognition by the international community: there must be some acceptance or acquiescence by the international community. 2. objection by the sovereign In this case, the purchaser, who has become sovereign over the territory by deed, has expressly objected to the possession. This objection is decisive: - Lack of uncontested possession: as the purchaser objects to the seizure, there can be no question of uncontested possession. - No longer period without objection: The sovereign's objection prevents the necessary period from passing without any significant objection, which would be necessary for a seizure. 3. declaration of absolutist monarchy The declaration of the territory as an absolutist monarchy by the sovereign, based on founding statutes, reinforces the contradiction: - Clearly defined sovereignty: the declaration of absolutist monarchy emphasizes the clear and unchallenged sovereignty of the purchaser over the territory. - Institutionalized control: The founding statutes and the new form of government establish formal and legally recognized control over the territory. 4. Legal and political implications NATO states could attempt to exercise sovereignty despite the treaty, but this would remain contrary to international law: - Act contrary to international law: the continued exercise of sovereign power by NATO states remains a violation of international law as it contradicts the valid treaty. - International reactions: The international community could impose sanctions or take diplomatic action to support the legitimate sovereign. 5. impossibility of the acquisitive prescription Due to the explicit contradiction of the buyer and the formal declaration of absolutist monarchy, the usurpation of the territory by the NATO states is impossible: - Clear objection: the buyer's clear and continued objection prevents a silent and uncontested takeover of the territory. - Legitimate sovereign: The buyer remains the legitimate sovereign of the territory, based on the treaty and the founding statutes. Summary In this case, it is not possible for the NATO states to take possession of the NATO territory sold. The explicit objection of the buyer and the formal declaration of absolutist monarchy prevent uncontested possession and lawful usurpation. The NATO states are acting contrary to international law if they continue to exercise sovereignty. Part 101 The seizure of territory by the NATO states in the case described would be illegal for several reasons under international law. Here are the central arguments: 1. principle of territorial sovereignty - Transfer of sovereignty: In the case, sovereignty over the territory was transferred by an international treaty to a natural person acting as an absolutist monarch. This agreement was recognized and ratified by the relevant parties, making the territorial sovereignty of the new owner legally valid. - Violation of sovereignty: The continued occupation or possession of the territory by NATO countries would be a violation of the territorial sovereignty of the new owner. International law protects the sovereignty and territorial integrity of a state (or in this case a sovereign ruler) and prohibits any form of interference or occupation without consent. 2. Principles of international law and treaties - UN Charter: Article 2(4) of the Charter of the United Nations prohibits the threat or use of force against the territorial integrity or political independence of any state. This also applies to the illegal occupation of a territory. - Hague Land Warfare Convention and Geneva Conventions: These international treaties regulate the rights and obligations of occupying powers and emphasize that occupation is only permissible on a temporary basis and under strict conditions. Permanent occupation and appropriation are prohibited. 3. occupation as an unlawful act - Definition of usurpation: Inheritance is a concept of private law in which ownership is acquired through long-term use. In international law, however, this concept does not apply to sovereignty over territory. States cannot acquire territory by inheritance, as this violates the principles of territorial integrity and sovereignty. - Absence of consent of the sovereign: The inheritance requires the tacit or explicit consent of the original owner. Since the new sovereign owner objects to the state, this consent is lacking, which means that the usufruct is not legally possible. 4. immutability of territorial claims - No legal effect due to the passage of time: In international law, territorial claims cannot be changed by the passage of time or by unlawful occupation. The principle of "ex injuria jus non oritur" (no right arises from injustice) states that no legitimate legal claims can be derived from unlawful acts. - Continuing legal claim of the new sovereign: The legitimate sovereign retains its rights to the territory, regardless of the duration of the unlawful occupation or use by the NATO states. 5. Legal consequences of the occupation - Invalidity of sovereignty: Any action based on the illegal occupation would be null and void. This applies in particular to administrative and legal measures in the occupied territory. - Legal measures and compensation: The sovereign owner could take legal action to force the return of the territory and claim compensation for damages and losses. In summary, the seizure of the territory by the NATO states is contrary to international law for the following reasons: - Violation of the territorial sovereignty and integrity of the new owner. - Contradiction of fundamental principles of the UN Charter and other international treaties. - Lack of consent of the legitimate sovereign. - Immutability of territorial claims due to illegal occupation. Part 102 Legal succession in state succession: transfer of sovereignty and types of property State succession refers to the legal transfer of sovereignty and jurisdiction from one state to another or to another legal entity. In this scenario, where a military property and all associated supply networks are sold through a state succession deed, the sovereignty extends to the entire territories served by these networks. An important question here is how the legal succession is handled with regard to the assets in these areas and which types of assets are affected. 1. Principles of state succession and succession in title Definition and principles - State succession: Refers to the process by which a state transfers sovereignty over a territory to another state or legal entity. - Legal succession: Refers to the assumption of rights and obligations of the predecessor by the successor. This includes both state and private assets. Legal basis - International treaties: State succession treaties that define the terms and scope of the transfer. - Legal continuity: Succession generally takes place while retaining the existing legal systems until new regulations are introduced. 2. transfer of sovereignty and types of assets affected State-owned enterprises and state assets - State-owned enterprises: All companies and enterprises owned by the state are transferred to the ownership of the new sovereign. - Examples: Energy supply companies, telecommunications companies, railroad companies, waterworks. - State-owned buildings: All state-owned buildings and facilities are also transferred. - Examples: Government buildings, administrative buildings, public schools, hospitals, military facilities. Other types of assets - Infrastructure: All infrastructure projects financed and operated by the state. - Examples: Roads, bridges, tunnels, harbors, airports. - Land and real estate: All land and real estate owned by the state. - Examples: Nature reserves, public parks, state-owned residential buildings. - Resources and rights: All natural resources and the rights to use these resources. - Examples: Mining concessions, water use rights, fishing rights. - Financial assets: State bank accounts, bonds, investments. - Cultural heritage: Historical buildings, monuments, museums and their collections. - Documents and data: Official government documents, databases and records. - Military equipment and facilities: All military assets owned by the state. - Treaties and agreements: Existing state treaties and agreements with other states and international organizations. 3. legal consequences of the transfer Legal and administrative consequences - Legal succession: The new sovereign assumes all rights and obligations in relation to the transferred assets. This also means responsibility for the administration and maintenance of these assets. - Legal adjustments: The new sovereign may need to adapt existing laws and regulations or introduce new ones to regulate the administration of the transferred assets. - International recognition: The international community must recognize the state succession and the associated legal successions in order to continue international treaties and agreements. 4. precedents and legal justification Historical precedents - Break-up of the Soviet Union (1991): The breakup of the Soviet Union led to the emergence of new states that took over sovereignty and assets. State-owned enterprises, military facilities and other assets were transferred to the successor states. - German reunification (1990): The incorporation of the GDR into the Federal Republic of Germany led to the transfer of sovereignty and state assets from the GDR to the FRG. Legal justification - Recognition under international law: The legal succession is legally legitimized through the reference to existing international treaties and the automatic recognition of the new treaty. - Legal continuity: The takeover of state assets and infrastructure takes place while retaining the existing legal system in order to ensure a smooth transfer. Conclusion The state succession deed leads to the transfer of sovereignty and includes all rights, obligations and components of the object of sale. This means that all state assets, including state-owned enterprises, state-owned buildings, infrastructure, land and real estate, natural resources, financial assets, cultural heritage, documents and data, as well as military equipment and facilities, are transferred to the new sovereign. Historical precedents and legal reasoning underpin this succession and the automatic recognition of the new treaty. Part 103 Buyer community and international treaties: Buyer 2a and 2b In the case where a buyer group consists of two buyers, it is explained how the rights and obligations under international law are transferred exclusively to the entitled buyer 2b, while buyer 2a, a commercial enterprise, remains excluded. Here are the relevant legal aspects and the role of the severability clause: 1. community of buyers and exclusion of buyer 2a Buyer 2a: Business enterprise - Character: Buyer 2a is a stock corporation (AG) and therefore not a subject of international law. - Exclusion from international treaties: As a commercial enterprise, Buyer 2a cannot bear any rights or obligations under international law or enter into international treaties. Joint buyer - Joint purchase: Buyer 2a and Buyer 2b form a joint buyer and act jointly as buyers. - Contractual provision: The contract stipulates that the joint buyer is to assume all rights and obligations. 2. Role and rights of buyer 2b Buyer 2b: Natural person - Capacity: Buyer 2b is a natural person who is accredited under international law. - Authorized buyer: Buyer 2b enters as the sole authorized buyer of the buyer community and assumes all rights and obligations. Transfer of rights and obligations - Accreditation: Buyer 2b is accredited by the contract to bear rights under international law and assumes the sovereign rights. - Severability clause: The contract remains legally valid due to the severability clause, even if buyer 2a cannot assume any rights or obligations. 3. Contractual implications Payment obligation of buyer 2a - Purchase price payment: Buyer 2a has paid the purchase price, but does not receive any rights or obligations under the contract. - Legal clarification: All rights and obligations, including sovereign rights, are transferred exclusively to buyer 2b. Compliance with the contract - Legal validity: The contract remains legally valid due to the severability clause, and buyer 2b is the beneficiary of all provisions of buyer 2a. - Substitution of provisions: All parts of the contract that contain national law are replaced by provisions of international law. 4. Application of the severability clause Meaning of the severability clause - Preservation of legal force: The severability clause ensures that the contract remains in force even if parts of it are invalid or inapplicable. - Legally compliant regulation: If certain provisions are ineffective due to the involvement of Buyer 2a, Buyer 2b steps in as the sole authorized buyer in order to keep the contract in compliance with international law. Summary In the buyer community, buyer 2a and buyer 2b jointly undertake the purchase, but only buyer 2b, a natural person, is recognized as an accredited buyer under international law. Buyer 2a, a commercial enterprise, is excluded from international contracts. Buyer 2b enters as the sole authorized buyer and assumes all rights and obligations, while Buyer 2a pays the purchase price but receives no rights. The severability clause ensures the legal force of the contract and replaces national legal provisions with international law regulations. Part 104 Prohibition of third-party beneficiaries and natural persons in contracts Prohibition of third-party beneficiaries in contract law The prohibition of third-party beneficiaries is a principle of contract law which states that only the contracting parties themselves can derive rights and obligations from the contract, unless the contract expressly provides for third-party beneficiaries. This has the following legal implications: 1. contracting parties: Only the parties who have signed the contract are directly bound by the contractual provisions and can derive rights and obligations from them. 2. favoring third parties: Third parties who are not listed as contracting parties and have not signed the contract cannot generally assert any claims under the contract unless there is an express provision in the contract granting them rights. Application to the contract Natural persons in the contract 1. mentioned in the middle of the contract: If natural persons are mentioned in the middle of the contract but are not listed as contracting parties at the beginning of the contract and have not signed the contract, they cannot derive any rights or obligations from the contract. 2. lack of signature: Without their signature, these persons are not formal contracting parties and therefore fall under the prohibition of third-party beneficiaries. Prohibition of third-party beneficiaries 1. no express preferential treatment : If the contract does not contain an express provision identifying these natural persons as beneficiaries, they cannot claim any rights under the contract. 2. legal consequence: these natural persons are excluded from the contract as beneficiaries because they do not have the contractual authority or formal recognition to make claims or enter into obligations. Contract drafting and interpretation Severability clause and performance of the contract 1. severability clause: This clause ensures that the contract as a whole remains legally valid, even if certain provisions are invalid or unenforceable. 2. fulfillment of the purpose of the contract: Even if natural persons are named in the middle of the contract, the contract remains legally valid and is fulfilled in accordance with the remaining provisions and the overall purpose of the contract. Summary The prohibition of third-party beneficiaries ensures that only the contracting parties themselves can derive rights and obligations from the contract. Natural persons who are named in the middle of the contract but are not listed as contracting parties at the beginning of the contract and have not signed the contract are excluded from the contract as beneficiaries. They cannot assert any rights or obligations under the contract, as the contract does not contain any express provision granting them rights. The severability clause ensures that the contract as a whole remains legally valid and the purpose of the contract is fulfilled, even if certain provisions are invalid. Part 105 The case describes a new absolutist monarchy whose territories were formerly NATO territory and whose sovereignty has been recognized by all NATO countries. There are only two citizens, but the inhabitants of the sold territories have the right to naturalization to avoid statelessness. Here is a detailed explanation of the legal and practical aspects: 1. three-pillar principle for the existence of a state According to internationally recognized criteria, a state consists of three basic pillars: A. State territory: A defined territory. B. People of the state: A permanent population. C. State power: An effective government that maintains control and order. 2. current situation of the new monarchy - Territory: The territory consists of the sold NATO territories. - People of the state: There are currently only two citizens, the king and his mother. It is expected that the former citizens of the NATO territories will apply for naturalization in order to avoid statelessness. - State power: The new government is an absolutist monarchy led by the King, who effectively exercises sovereignty over the territory. 3. recognition by NATO states Recognition of the sovereign by all NATO states is crucial: - International legitimacy: recognition by NATO countries gives the new monarchy international legitimacy. - Contractual commitment: The participation of the NATO states in the treaty and their consent to the new sovereignty confirm the legal and political recognition of the new state. 4. naturalization rights and statelessness The right to naturalization for former citizens of NATO territories serves to prevent statelessness: - Avoiding statelessness: the right to naturalization allows former citizens to change their nationality without becoming stateless. - Increasing the population: The naturalization process will increase the number of citizens of the new monarchy, which will support the stability and functioning of the state in the long term. 5. impact of the small population The current low population has no impact on the existence of the monarchy according to the three-pillar principle: - State territory and state authority: these two pillars are fulfilled, regardless of the current population size. - Right to naturalization: The possibility of naturalization means that the population can grow and the new monarchy is able to establish a stable population. 6. Practical challenges and solutions - Administration and governance: The new government must develop mechanisms to make administration and governance effective, even with a small initial population. - International cooperation: The recognized sovereignty and participation of NATO countries in the treaty will facilitate international cooperation and support in building the new state. Summary The new absolutist monarchy, although currently with only two citizens, fulfills the criteria of the three-pillar principle of a state. Recognition by all NATO states gives the state international legitimacy. The right to naturalization for former citizens of NATO territories prevents statelessness and enables the population to be increased. These elements ensure the legal and practical existence of the new state. Part 106 Teleological interpretation in international contract law 1. Principles of teleological interpretation Definition: - Teleological interpretation: A method of treaty interpretation that focuses on the meaning and purpose (telos) of a treaty in order to understand and apply its provisions. Objective: - Purposive interpretation: the main objective of teleological interpretation is to ascertain and promote the intention of the contracting parties and the intended purpose of the contract. 2. application in international contract law Legal basis: - Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties (VCLT): Article 31 of the 1969 Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties contains rules on the interpretation of treaties and emphasizes that treaties should be interpreted in good faith and in the light of their object and purpose. Article 31 of the VCLT: (1) General rule: a treaty shall be interpreted in good faith in accordance with the ordinary meaning to be given to the terms of the treaty in the context and in the light of its object and purpose. (2) Context: The context includes the entire text of the treaty, including the preamble and annexes, as well as related agreements and other relevant instruments. Methodology: 1. textual analysis: the treaty provisions are first analyzed in their wording and in the context of the treaty as a whole. 2. preamble and annexes: the preamble and any annexes to the treaty are considered to determine the overarching purpose. 3. treaty contexts: related agreements, protocols and explanatory reports are consulted to deepen understanding. 3. Practical application of teleological interpretation Steps of teleological interpretation: 1. identification of the purpose of the treaty: - Preamble and explanatory sections: Analyzing the preamble and other declaratory sections of the treaty to identify the intended purpose and objectives of the contracting parties. - Negotiations and protocols: Consideration of the negotiations and protocols that led to the conclusion of the contract. 2. analysis of the content of the treaty: - Wording of provisions: Examining the wording of the provisions in the context of the contract as a whole. - Systematic interpretation: Consideration of the provisions in the context of other parts of the contract. 3. consideration of external factors: - Related treaties and protocols: incorporating related treaties and protocols that are related to the treaty. - International practice: Consideration of international practice and precedents to support interpretation. 4. Example: State succession deed and extension of networks Application to the case: - Purpose of state succession deed: the purpose of the deed is to regulate the transfer of sovereign rights and development networks to the purchaser. - Unity of the development: the contractual provisions considering the development as a unit imply that future extensions of the networks are also affected by the succession. - Consideration of the preamble: The preamble of the contract could indicate the intended comprehensive transfer of all relevant infrastructure and rights. - Treaty contexts: Analysis of related agreements and protocols that could support the application to newly laid networks. 5. summary Teleological interpretation in international treaty law is used to clarify the meaning and purpose of an agreement by interpreting the treaty in light of its object and purpose. This method involves analyzing the wording, context and relevant external factors. In the case of the State Succession Instrument, teleological interpretation would mean that newly installed networks after 1998 are also affected by succession if this is consistent with the overarching purpose of the treaty. Part 107 Teleological interpretation of the international treaty on the sale of a NATO force area 1. background of the treaty - Object of the contract: Sale of an area covered by the NATO Status of Forces Agreement, including all development networks. - Contractual provision: The entire development is considered as one unit and is sold with all rights, obligations and components. - Partial nullity clause: This clause ensures that the contract remains valid even if parts of it are invalid, by replacing them with a legally compliant provision. 2. teleological interpretation of the contract Purpose and aim of the treaty - Transfer of sovereign rights: The main purpose of the contract is the complete transfer of sovereign rights over the area and the associated networks to the buyer. - Unity of the development: The contract is intended to ensure that all infrastructures and networks belonging to the development of the territory are treated and transferred as a single structure. 3. application of the teleological interpretation Step-by-step application 1. identification of the purpose of the contract: - Preamble and declaratory sections: examine the preamble and other declaratory parts of the contract to identify the intended purpose and objectives of the contracting parties. - Treaty Negotiations: Consideration of the negotiations and minutes that led to the conclusion of the contract to understand the intent of the parties. 2. analysis of the content of the contract: - Wording of the provisions: Examining the wording of the provisions in the context of the contract as a whole. - Systematic interpretation: looking at the provisions in the context of other parts of the contract to understand the overall purpose. 3. consideration of external factors: - Related treaties and protocols: incorporating related treaties and protocols that relate to the treaty to deepen understanding. - International practice: Consideration of international practice and precedents to support interpretation. 4. partial nullity clause and regulation in accordance with the law A. Role of the partial nullity clause: - Preservation of legal force: the partial nullity clause ensures that the contract remains in force even if certain provisions are invalid. - Legally compliant provision: The clause provides for a legally compliant provision to replace the invalid provisions in order to preserve the meaning and purpose of the contract. B. Application to the specific case: - Ineffective provisions: If certain provisions, e.g. relating to development networks, are deemed ineffective, a provision that conforms to the law takes their place. - Purpose: These replacement provisions must correspond to the overriding purpose of the contract, namely the complete and uniform transfer of all development networks and sovereign rights to the buyer. 5. Exemplary application Case: Newly laid networks after conclusion of the contract - Extension of the networks: If new development networks were laid after 1998, they should be included in the contract in accordance with the purpose and unity of the development. - Partial nullity: If there are ambiguities or disputes about the inclusion of these networks, the partial nullity clause would apply in order to find a legally compliant regulation that ensures that the purpose of the contract is fulfilled. Summary The teleological interpretation of the international treaty on the sale of a NATO force area ensures that all development networks are treated as one unit and sold with all rights, obligations and components. The partial nullity clause guarantees that the contract remains valid even if parts are invalid by replacing them with legally compliant provisions that preserve the overriding purpose of the contract. Part 108 If the old NATO states do not leave the sold territories and the new sovereign buyer objects to the state, this has several consequences under international law and international criminal law: 1. occupation and illegality under international law - Definition of occupation: Occupation occurs when a state exercises control over an area that is not part of its territory without the consent of the legitimate sovereign. - Principles of international law: The occupation of a territory without the consent of the legitimate sovereign violates international law, in particular the Charter of the United Nations, which protects the principle of territorial integrity and sovereignty. The Hague Land Warfare Convention and the Geneva Conventions regulate the obligations of an occupying state and prohibit illegal occupation. 2. Consequences under international criminal law - Crime of aggression: If the NATO states do not leave the territories and exercise their sovereignty there, this can be considered a crime of aggression under Article 8 of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (ICC). This crime includes the planning, preparation, initiation or execution of an act of aggression in clear violation of the Charter of the United Nations. - Individual accountability: Individuals, in particular political and military leaders, who are responsible for the illegal occupation could be held accountable before the ICC. This also includes the leaders who order the occupation or have it carried out. 3. Legal consequences of the occupation - Invalidity of sovereignty: Any act of the occupying power based on the unlawful exercise of sovereignty would be null and void. This applies in particular to the administration of the territory and the use of its resources. - Sovereignty claims of the buyer: The legitimate sovereign, i.e. the buyer, retains its claim to the territory. Possession or occupation by the old NATO states will not affect the legal ownership and sovereignty of the buyer. 4. Legal and diplomatic measures - International lawsuits: The new sovereign could file a lawsuit in international courts, such as the International Court of Justice (ICJ), to have the occupation declared illegal and demand compensation. - Diplomatic efforts: The sovereign could take diplomatic action to gain support from other states and international organizations. This could include sanctions against the occupying power or seeking a UN Security Council resolution condemning the occupation. 5. claims for compensation - Claims for compensation: The new sovereign could seek compensation for all damages and losses caused by the illegal occupation. This includes material damages, economic losses and immaterial damages. - Liability of those responsible: Political and military leaders of the old NATO states could be held personally liable for the damage caused. 6. Long-term effects - Legal claims remain: The legitimate sovereign's claim to the territory remains, regardless of the duration of the occupation. An occupation in violation of international law cannot establish legitimate property or sovereignty rights. - Political instability: Prolonged occupation can lead to political instability and conflict, both within the territory concerned and internationally. Part 109 Analysis of the legal and international law aspects in the case of continued sovereignty by NATO states 1. violation of territorial sovereignty and occupation Territorial sovereignty: - Treaty violation: the NATO states, in particular the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG), have ignored the international treaty on the sale of territory and have continued to exercise sovereignty over the territories sold. - Occupation: The continued exercise of sovereignty by the FRG can be regarded as an occupation contrary to international law, as the sovereign rights were lawfully transferred to the buyer. 2. war of aggression and unlawful forced sale War of aggression: - Definition: A war of aggression is any military action that violates the territorial integrity or political independence of another state. - Actions of the FRG: The aggressive enforcement of sovereign claims by the FRG, including the unlawful forced sale of the military property, could be classified as a form of aggressive war. Unlawful forced sale: - Violation of international law: the FRG's forced sale of the military property as if it were part of the FRG violates the international treaty and the sovereign rights of the buyer. - Violation of national laws: These actions were carried out in willful disregard of German national laws. 3. persecution and coercive psychological measures Criminal prosecution and coercive care: - Abuse of criminal law: the criminal prosecution and coercive psychological care of the buyer as well as his indefinite placement in a penal institution constitute serious human rights violations. - Coercive psychological care: This can be considered a form of persecution aimed at weakening and intimidating the buyer. 4. sovereign immunity and CD status Sovereign immunity: - Principle: States generally enjoy immunity from the jurisdiction of other states, which means that their sovereign acts cannot be challenged by foreign courts. - Restriction: In the present case, it could be argued that the FRG has violated state immunity through its actions, as it has violated the international treaty and the recognized sovereign rights of the buyer. CD status (Consular Diplomatic Status): - Relevance: The buyer could claim protection under diplomatic immunity if it exercises diplomatic or consular functions under the international treaty. - Sale of jurisdiction: The transfer of jurisdiction to the buyer could provide it with additional legal immunities and protection. 5. Sale of jurisdiction and legal consequences Sale of jurisdiction: - Treaty provision: the treaty transfers jurisdiction under international law to the buyer, giving the buyer legal and administrative control over the territory. - Legal consequences: The FRG and other NATO states have no legal basis to continue exercising jurisdiction over the territory as it has been transferred to the buyer. Legal consequences: - International legal action: the buyer could take the case to international courts such as the International Court of Justice (ICJ) or the International Criminal Court (ICC) to denounce the violation of its sovereign rights and human rights abuses. - Diplomatic pressure: The buyer could exert diplomatic pressure on NATO states to ensure compliance with the treaty and recognition of its rights. Summary The FRG and other NATO states have violated the international treaty by the continued exercise of sovereign power and the aggressive enforcement of unlawful claims against the buyer. These acts can be considered as occupation, war of aggression and serious human rights violations. The buyer has the right to seek international remedies and exert diplomatic pressure to enforce its recognized sovereign rights and transfer of jurisdiction. Part 110 Assessment of the colonization of the military property by the FRG and the expulsion of the original sovereign 1. Context: Settlement and expulsion Following the illegal forced sale of the military property, the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG) colonized it with its own citizens and expelled the citizens and the sovereign who had lawfully sold the area. These actions must be assessed in the light of international law. 2. occupation and expulsion contrary to international law 2.1 Occupation Definition and criteria: - Occupation: an occupation occurs when a state exercises effective control over a foreign territory without a legitimate claim to sovereignty. - Illegality: The occupation is contrary to international law if it takes place without a legal basis and against the will of the legitimate sovereign. FRG's actions: - Control over the property: through the illegal forced sale and subsequent colonization, the FRG exercises control over the property, which can be considered an occupation. - Illegality: This occupation violates the international treaty that transferred sovereign rights to the buyer and is therefore illegal. 2.2 Expulsion Definition and legal situation: - Expulsion: the forced removal of persons from their home territory. - International law: Expulsion is prohibited under international law in many contexts, including the Geneva Conventions and international human rights treaties. FRG's actions: - Expulsion of the sovereign and citizens: the expulsion of the rightful sovereign and citizens is contrary to international law, which guarantees the protection of civilians and their property. - Legal consequences: These acts can be classified as serious human rights violations and crimes against humanity. 3. Settlement policy and international law 3.1 Settlement of own citizens Prohibited settlement policy: - Fourth Geneva Convention: Article 49 of the Fourth Geneva Convention prohibits the occupying power from transferring parts of its own civilian population into occupied territory. - Legal situation: The FRG's settlement of its own citizens in the occupied military property violates this provision and is therefore contrary to international law. 3.2 Responsibility and liability State responsibility: - Responsibility of the FRG: The FRG is responsible for the acts contrary to international law and can be held accountable internationally. - Liability: This includes the obligation to provide reparation and compensation to the affected persons and the legitimate sovereign. 4. Possible remedies and diplomatic measures 4.1 International courts Legal remedies: - International Court of Justice (ICJ): the ICJ can be called upon to determine the illegality of the occupation and expulsion. - International Criminal Court (ICC): The ICC may have jurisdiction to prosecute crimes against humanity, including forced displacement. 4.2 Diplomatic pressure Diplomatic measures: - International recognition: the rightful sovereign can mobilize the international community to exert pressure on the FRG. - Sanctions: Economic and political sanctions can be imposed to force the FRG to comply with international law. Summary The occupation of the military property by the FRG and the expulsion of the legitimate sovereign and citizens are serious violations of international law. These acts constitute an occupation contrary to international law and violate international agreements on the protection of civilians and their property. The legitimate sovereign has various legal remedies and diplomatic measures at its disposal to seek redress and justice. Part 111 In a scenario where a territory has been sold together with the state assets therein and the buyer has no access to these assets due to the occupation of the territory by NATO countries, the following types of state assets could be affected: Types of state assets 1. real estate and property: - Military installations and bases - Government and administrative buildings - Public buildings such as schools, hospitals and universities - Residential buildings and other real estate owned by the state 2. infrastructure: - Roads, bridges and tunnels - Railroads and railroad stations - Airports and seaports - Energy infrastructure, including power plants and power lines - Water and wastewater systems 3. raw materials and natural resources: - Mineral resources such as oil, gas, coal and ores - Forests and agricultural land - Water resources 4. movable property and equipment: - Military equipment and vehicles - Public transportation and official vehicles - Machinery and equipment in state-owned enterprises 5. financial assets: - Bank deposits and securities held by the state - State shares in companies and joint ventures - Receivables and liabilities 6. cultural heritage and intellectual property: - Museums, libraries and archives - Works of art and historical artifacts - Patents, trademarks and copyrights Damage caused by the occupation The damage caused to the buyer by the occupation of the territory and the lack of access to state assets can be manifold: 1. economic losses: - Loss of revenue: The buyer cannot generate revenue from the operation and use of state-owned enterprises, infrastructure projects or natural resources. - Barriers to investment: Potential investors could be deterred due to the uncertain political and legal situation, resulting in a loss of investment opportunities. 2. administrative and operating costs: - Increased administrative costs: the buyer may have to spend significant resources to set up alternative administrative and operational structures. - Operating costs: Maintenance and upkeep of infrastructure and real estate is difficult during occupation, which can lead to higher long-term costs. 3. loss of raw materials and natural resources: - Depletion of resources: occupying forces could extract and use raw materials and natural resources without the buyer's permission, resulting in irretrievable loss. - Environmental damage: Improper use and exploitation of resources could lead to significant environmental damage, resulting in high clean-up costs. 4. damage to real estate and infrastructure: - Damage from military use: military use of real estate and infrastructure can result in significant damage requiring costly repairs. - Deterioration due to neglect: Prolonged occupation can lead to neglect and deterioration of real estate and infrastructure, which also results in high repair costs. 5. legal and administrative costs: - Litigation: The buyer may be forced to take extensive legal action to enforce its property and rights, resulting in significant legal and administrative costs. - Administrative costs: The need to create and operate alternative administrative structures leads to additional administrative costs. Part 112 Assessment of the structural alterations following the illegal forced sale of the military property 1. Background: Illegal forced sale and structural alterations Following the illegal forced sale of the military property by the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG), the building structure of the property was altered. This included new buildings, conversions and demolitions of existing buildings. 2. Assessment of the structural alterations under international law 2.1 Protection mechanisms under international law - Hague Regulations (Hague Land Warfare Convention) and Geneva Conventions: These international agreements contain provisions for the protection of property in occupied territories and during armed conflicts. 2.2 Comparison with destruction through bombing - Equivalence with bombing: The demolition of buildings by construction machinery can be functionally similar to destruction by bombing, as in both cases buildings are irretrievably destroyed. - Legal equivalence: In international law, the intentional destruction of property, regardless of the method (bombs or construction machinery), can be considered a violation of the protection of private property. 3. Illegality of forced sale and structural alterations 3.1 Illegal forced sale - Breach of contract: The forced sale of the property was illegal because it violated the international treaty that transferred sovereign rights to the buyer. - Lack of jurisdiction: The FRG had no legal basis to carry out the forced sale or to authorize structural alterations. 3.2 Violation of international law - Protection of property: The destruction or alteration of property without a legal basis violates the protection of property under international law. - Liability: The FRG and other parties involved could be held liable for the destruction, similar to war crimes in connection with the destruction of property. 4. Possible remedies and compensation 4.1 Remedies - International courts: the buyer could take the case to the International Court of Justice (ICJ) or the International Criminal Court (ICC) to seek justice and redress. - Diplomatic pressure: International support and diplomatic efforts could be used to challenge the illegal foreclosure and structural alterations. 4.2 Compensation - Reparation claims: The buyer could claim compensation for the unlawful destruction and structural alterations. - Restoration: A claim for restoration of the property to its original condition could be asserted. Summary The structural alterations to the military property following the illegal forced sale by the FRG are legally problematic and could be assessed as destruction of property in violation of international law. These actions could be functionally equated to destruction by bombing as they irreversibly alter the physical integrity and value of the property. The buyer may have legal remedies and compensation claims to challenge these violations and seek redress. Part 113 The case involves numerous complex issues of international law and international criminal law. Here are the most important aspects and answers to the questions arising from the scenario described: 1. war of aggression and unlawful sovereignty: If the old NATO states do not leave the sold territories after the sale and continue to exercise their sovereign power there, this could be considered an occupation under international law and possibly a war of aggression. A war of aggression is prohibited under international law, in particular the Charter of the United Nations, and constitutes a serious crime. The exercise of sovereignty by the NATO states in the territory sold would be illegal, as it would violate the sovereignty of the new owner, in this case the absolute monarch. 2. rights and obligations arising from the purchase agreement: The sale of the territory, if fully and legally correct, implies the transfer of all rights and obligations to the new sovereign. The old NATO states would therefore no longer have the right to exercise sovereignty in these territories. Any further exercise of sovereignty would be contrary to international law. 3. usurpation and sovereignty: Seizure, or the possession and use of property on a territory that is no longer part of their sovereign territory, without the consent of the new sovereign, would also be contrary to international law. If the purchaser, who is now the absolutist monarch, has objected to the usurpation and has established his rule within five years, this strengthens his position as the legitimate sovereign of the territory. 4. Liability under international criminal law: The unlawful exercise of sovereign power by the old NATO states could be considered a crime of aggression, punishable under the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (ICC). The political and military leaders who ordered or supported these actions would be responsible. 5. responsibility of political leaders: After ten years without prosecution, responsibility could shift to political leaders who were in office at the time or who were in office during the relevant period. This means that both the politicians in office and those who were in office during the period of unlawful exercise of sovereignty could potentially be prosecuted. 6. Persons concerned: Responsibility under international criminal law would pass to those who were actively involved in the decision to exercise sovereign power unlawfully. This includes: - Acting heads of state and heads of government. - Military leaders and other high-ranking officials who gave or implemented direct orders. - Former officials who were in relevant positions during the period of unlawful exercise of sovereignty. Part 114 In such cases, political responsibility lies primarily with the highest political leaders of the state concerned, especially if they have knowingly and willingly contributed to the continuation of acts contrary to international law and no measures have been taken to prosecute the perpetrators. Here is a detailed explanation of who exactly bears political responsibility: 1. supreme political leadership The supreme political leadership includes: - Head of State: the president or monarch, depending on the form of government of the state in question. - Head of government: The prime minister or chancellor who heads the executive branch. - Minister of Defense: Particularly relevant in cases of aggressive war or occupation. - Minister of the Interior: Responsible for national security and the police. - Foreign Minister: Responsible for foreign policy and compliance with international treaties. 2. individual responsibility These political leaders can be held individually accountable if they: - Have issued instructions: Have given direct orders to continue acts contrary to international law. - Have committed omissions: Knowingly and willfully failed to take action to stop the acts or prosecute the perpetrators. - Concealment: Actively concealing the acts or failing to prosecute the perpetrators. 3. collective responsibility of the government In addition to individual responsibility, the collective decisions of the government as a whole can also be examined: - Cabinet decisions: Collective decisions of the cabinet that led to the continuation of acts contrary to international law. - Legislative support: support from parliament or other legislative bodies that may have passed laws to legalize the acts or prevent prosecution. 4. international criminal jurisdiction International criminal jurisdiction, in particular the International Criminal Court (ICC), can take action against these political leaders if national courts fail: - ICC Jurisdiction: the ICC has jurisdiction to investigate and bring charges against individuals responsible for serious violations of international law, including war crimes, crimes against humanity and aggression. - Procedure: The ICC can bring charges and conduct trials against those responsible if it can be proven that they abused their political offices to enable or fail to prevent acts contrary to international law. 5. Examples of political responsibility There are several historical precedents where political leaders have been held accountable: - Yugoslavia Tribunal: political and military leaders were convicted for war crimes and crimes against humanity during the Yugoslav wars. - Rwanda Tribunal: Political leaders were held accountable for their role in the 1994 genocide. - Nuremberg Trials: Leading figures of the Nazi regime were tried for war crimes and crimes against humanity after World War II. Summary Political responsibility falls on the highest political leaders of a state if they continue acts that violate international law and fail to prosecute the perpetrators. If national courts fail, the International Criminal Court can take action against these political leaders and hold them accountable. Part 115 In this scenario, in which NATO states continue to exercise sovereignty over the sold territory despite a valid treaty, they are in breach of international law. Here are the possible consequences and legal implications: 1. violation of international law If the NATO states continue to exercise sovereignty over the sold territory despite the treaty, this is a violation of international law. This would affect the following points in particular: - Sovereignty of the buyer: the sovereign rights of the buyer acquired by the treaty are disregarded. - Breach of contract: The contract regulating the transfer of sovereign rights is being breached by the continued behavior of the NATO states. 2. consequences under international criminal law The consequences under international criminal law for the continued exercise of sovereignty by NATO states can be considerable, especially if this is systematic and serious: - Crimes against humanity: if the actions of NATO states involve serious human rights violations, they could be classified as crimes against humanity. - Aggression: The unlawful exercise of sovereignty over a territory could be considered an act of aggression. 3. Liability and responsibility Liability and accountability in international criminal law can concern different levels, especially when national legal systems fail: - Individual accountability: individual perpetrators such as judges, police officers and officials who are directly involved in the internationally wrongful acts can be held accountable. - Political accountability: If national legal systems fail to prosecute perpetrators, criminal liability may shift to those politically responsible. This applies in particular to cases where: - Prosecution denied: the perpetrators are not prosecuted under national law for at least 10 years. - Complicity: those politically responsible knowingly and willingly supported or facilitated the internationally wrongful acts. 4. international jurisdiction International jurisdiction, in particular the International Criminal Court (ICC), can intervene in such cases: - ICC Jurisdiction: the ICC can investigate and prosecute individuals if national courts are unable or unwilling to prosecute the perpetrators. - Prosecution of political leaders: Political leaders responsible for acts contrary to international law can be indicted by the ICC. 5. precedents and international reactions The international community could respond to the continued exercise of jurisdiction in violation of international law through diplomatic and legal measures: - Sanctions: States and international organizations could impose sanctions on the NATO countries involved. - Resolutions and interventions: The United Nations could pass resolutions condemning the acts contrary to international law and calling for action. Summary If the NATO states continue to exercise sovereignty over the sold territory despite a valid treaty, this is a violation of international law. Consequences under international criminal law can affect both the direct perpetrators and those politically responsible, especially if national legal systems fail. The International Criminal Court could intervene in such cases and hold those responsible to account. Part 116 The number of historical precedents in which infrastructure networks were accidentally sold in an international treaty and thus the territory was permanently extended is very limited. State successions are usually carefully planned and negotiated to avoid such unintended territorial changes. Nevertheless, there are some cases where border demarcations and infrastructure provisions led to unexpected consequences: 1. Treaty of Trianon (1920) - Hungary and its neighboring states - Provisions: The Treaty of Trianon after the First World War fragmented the Kingdom of Hungary and distributed large parts of its territory to Romania, Czechoslovakia, and Yugoslavia. - Infrastructural aspects: The new borders often cut through existing railroad and road networks. In some cases, these border demarcations resulted in infrastructure networks being routed in ways that complicated territorial claims and challenged administration. - Unintended consequences: These demarcations led to territorial tensions as the new states sought to gain control over the entire infrastructure networks, sometimes leading to de facto territorial expansion. 2. Treaty of Saint-Germain (1919) - Austria and its neighboring states - Provisions: The Treaty of Saint-Germain established the division of the Austro-Hungarian monarchy and created new states such as Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia and Poland. - Infrastructural aspects: The partition meant that rail and road connections often crossed borders. Some of these infrastructures were integrated into the territory of the new states by mistake or due to unclear treaty formulations. - Unintended consequences: The new states had to take control of these infrastructures, which led to permanent territorial expansion and sometimes caused territorial tensions. 3. Sudetenland and the Munich Agreement (1938) - Provisions: The Munich Agreement of 1938 transferred the Sudetenland from Czechoslovakia to Germany. - Infrastructural aspects: The Sudetenland included important transportation and supply networks that connected Czechoslovakia with other parts of Europe. - Unintended consequences: The takeover of these infrastructure networks resulted in Germany taking control of these connections and their maintenance, which consolidated Germany's territorial expansion. The border demarcation led to logistical and administrative complications for Czechoslovakia. 4. Hyderabad and Indian integration (1948) - Provisions: After India's independence in 1947, the Nizam of Hyderabad refused to join the Indian Union. In 1948, India intervened militarily and integrated Hyderabad into the Indian Union. - Infrastructural aspects: After integration, India took control of Hyderabad's infrastructure, including railroads, roads and communication networks. - Unintended consequences: The extensive control and modernization of Hyderabad's infrastructure facilitated the area's integration into India, leading to the permanent expansion of India's territory. Conclusion The above examples show that unintended territorial changes through the acquisition of infrastructure networks have indeed occurred in international treaties. However, these cases are rare and often the result of complex geopolitical circumstances and unclear treaty provisions. Part 117 The case of a state succession treaty referring to a supply line contract and thereby unintentionally enlarging the territory is an interesting and complex legal issue. Such scenarios are rare and usually the subject of intense negotiations and disputes under international law. Here are some and historical scenarios that could contain elements of this case: Scenario 1: Supply line contract in a state succession treaty Imagine that a state succession contract includes an existing utility line contract (e.g. for a pipeline or power line). The infrastructure extends beyond the sold territory into the territory of the receiving state. Procedure: 1. contractual provisions: The state succession contract contains clauses that maintain and possibly extend the existing supply line contract. 2. territorial effects: Through the contractual provisions, the supply network could lead to the de facto extension of the territory of the receiving state if that state takes control and management of the entire network. 3. legal consequence: this could unintentionally lead to an extension of the territory if the infrastructures are considered an integral part of the host State. Example of the Trieste case (1954) - Extended The Trieste case could theoretically be extended to include such a scenario: - Extension of the Treaty: suppose the London Memorandum had specifically included an existing utility pipeline contract for water or electricity lines that extended beyond the boundaries of Zone A. - Unintended enlargement: If Italy then took control of these networks, this could lead to the extension of Italian territory, especially if these infrastructures are considered essential for national security or economic integration. Example of the Panama Canal Zone case (1903) - Extended The original Panama Canal Zone agreement could theoretically be extended in a similar way: - Inclusion of supply networks: The Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty could have included specific clauses on the management and control of utility networks (e.g., water mains). - Unintended expansion: These clauses could have led to the expansion of U.S. control and thus the de facto enlargement of U.S. sovereign territory if the utilities were deemed necessary for the Canal Zone. - Sovereignty and control: The acquisition and management of utility networks could be seen as an extension of the sovereignty and control of the receiving state. - International dispute settlement: Unintended territorial changes could lead to international disputes that would have to be litigated in international courts or arbitration tribunals. Conclusion While historical precedents that apply precisely to this scenario have never occurred (because this was the first time the world was sold), there are theoretical underpinnings and similar historical examples that demonstrate such a possibility. The exact legal assessment and implementation would depend on the specific treaty provisions and international recognition. Legal explanations on the state succession deed 1400/98 can be found here: Contract Focus UN Focus NATO FAQs Domino effect Contract chain World Court

State succession deed 1400/98 with Focus on UN - United Nations Cooperation between NATO AND the UN: In particular, recognition by the UN of the NATO-SOFA treaty chain and thus of the 1400 Act of State Succession INFO The Dutch Air Force was stationed at the NATO facility in Zweibrücken at the time of the signing of the State Succession Treaty 1400, operating under the NATO Status of Forces Agreement (SOFA). Their presence was based on bilateral agreements between Germany (BRD) and the Kingdom of the Netherlands, with the Dutch forces stationed there under NATO's mandate. The Dutch fighter pilots lived on the base and conducted missions from the US Airbase Ramstein, which houses the Allied Air Command (AIRCOM) of NATO. Since the Dutch Air Force is fully integrated into NATO and operates on behalf of the entire NATO alliance, their participation signaled approval of the treaty on behalf of all NATO member states. This involvement extended beyond bilateral agreements between Germany and the Netherlands, impacting the entire NATO treaty framework, including the NATO-SOFA agreements. This triggered a domino effect, incorporating all NATO members into the treaty. Furthermore, since NATO operates in many United Nations (UN) missions as an operational force, such as in Kosovo, full integration of NATO into the UN was not required for the State Succession Treaty to bind the UN. The fact that NATO acts as a military force for the UN in specific situations was enough to ensure the automatic recognition of international agreements between the two organizations. This automatic recognition of treaties between NATO and the UN ensures seamless cooperation, given that hundreds of international treaties are signed annually. Without this, each treaty would require repeated ratifications, leading to a bureaucratic nightmare and potentially paralyzing NATO-UN operations. This agreement also prevents interference from one organization during membership admissions of the other. Germany and the Netherlands, as members of both NATO and the UN, effectively agreed to the State Succession Treaty on behalf of both organizations. In Germany, the Bundestag and Bundesrat ratified the treaty, underscoring its international legal significance. This approval triggered the entire chain of NATO and UN agreements, leading to an automatic expansion of their international legal obligations. Legal view of the 1400 Charter of State Succession with a focus on the United Nations and the world Part 1 Introduction in bullet points 1. sale of the NATO property in Zweibrücken - Originally used by the USA after 1945, later partly transferred to the FRG and the Kingdom of the Netherlands. - Use of the property in accordance with the NATO Status of Forces Agreement, which regulates special rights and obligations for NATO states under international law. 2. deed of state succession 1400/98 - The contract appears (at first glance) to be a German real estate purchase contract, but is actually a deed under international law (state succession). - The contract covers the sale "with all rights, obligations and components", which includes the transfer of sovereign rights. - The property and its development (networks) are sold as a unit, which has far-reaching legal consequences. 3. partial nullity clause - Provisions that are invalid under national law are replaced by provisions under international law. - The contract remains legally effective through this clause and disguises its actual meaning. 4. Subjects of international law involved - Subjects of public international law do not have to be named as sellers at the beginning of the contract, but it is sufficient if they have rights or obligations in the contract. - The buyer is a natural person and may have sovereign rights, whereas commercial enterprises such as TASC Bau AG are excluded from the buyer community. 5. chain of treaties and supplementary instrument - The instrument of state succession forms a chain of treaties that affects all previous international treaties of NATO and the UN. - As a supplementary instrument, it automatically supplements all existing treaties without the need for renewed ratification. 6. Domino effect of the territorial expansion - Starting point: The property in Zweibrücken is connected to the German public network, which leads to the transfer of the buyer's sovereign rights to the whole of Germany. - Extension to NATO countries: The domino effect covers all physically connected networks in other NATO countries, resulting in the extension of the buyer's sovereign rights to these countries. - Global extension: Transatlantic submarine cables extend the domino effect to the USA and Canada, and finally to all UN member states. 7. integration of NATO into the UN - Liaison: NATO is closely integrated into UN structures, allowing for the automatic extension of state succession to UN treaties. - Global coverage: The combination of NATO and UN memberships extends state succession to the entire world. 8. Global effects - New world order: The treaty leads to the creation of a "new world order" in which the purchaser of the instrument of state succession de facto assumes sovereign rights over the entire world. - Global validity: The Instrument of State Succession functions as a supplementary instrument that extends all existing international treaties of NATO and the UN and unites the entire world. Part 2 Summary and detailed explanation of the entire facts 1. Introduction: Sale of the NATO property in Zweibrücken The sale of the NATO property in Zweibrücken begins seemingly innocuously as a real estate purchase agreement under German law. At first glance, it is an ordinary sale of a conversion property, which was superficially designed as a national real estate contract. However, this disguise is deliberate, as only experts in international law would be able to recognize the actual implications of this contract. 2. The NATO property and the legal transfer - The property: The property in Zweibrücken was originally used by the US military. Part of it was transferred to the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG) as part of the usual conversion process. However, a smaller part remained under the control of the Dutch armed forces, which had taken over the property from the USA. This transfer was based on the NATO Status of Forces Agreement, which regulated the framework for the use and transfer of the property by the Netherlands. - The transfer relationship: The transfer relationship under international law between the FRG and the Netherlands was governed by the NATO Status of Forces Agreement. The treaty, which constitutes the state succession deed, stipulates that this transfer relationship remains unaffected, but that the Dutch armed forces must hand over the property to the buyer within two years of the treaty on the FRG. This obligation was fulfilled in full and in accordance with the contract. 3. the state succession deed: camouflage and implications under international law - Disguise as a real estate purchase contract: The contract is designed to look like an ordinary real estate purchase contract. This is done in the "finest secret service style" in order to disguise the true implications under international law. In reality, however, the contract is a deed of state succession that has far-reaching consequences. - Partial nullity clause and application of international law: A crucial point is the partial nullity clause, which states that all parts of the treaty that are invalid under national law will be replaced by the corresponding provisions of international law. This means that the treaty remains legally valid, even if many provisions under national law no longer apply. International law invisibly takes their place and ensures the continuity and legal validity of the treaty. - Participating subjects of international law: It is important to note that subjects of international law do not necessarily have to be named as sellers at the beginning of the contract. It is sufficient that they are mentioned somewhere in the text of the treaty and that they have rights or obligations. In this case, the Netherlands is involved as a subject of public international law, which brings the contract within the scope of public international law. - Natural person as buyer: The buyer of the property is a natural person. This is crucial, as only natural persons (or sovereign states) can assume sovereign rights. Commercial enterprises, such as TASC Bau AG, which was also a member of the buyer group and paid the purchase price, are not in a position to assume sovereign rights under international law. As a result, TASC Bau AG drops out of the buyer community, and the buyer remains as the sole beneficiary, establishing a de facto absolutist monarchy through the contract. 4. The contractual chain and the domino effect - Chain of treaties and supplementary instrument: The instrument of state succession is not an independent agreement, but a supplementary instrument that extends and supplements a chain of international treaties. It builds on existing treaties that already existed between the subjects of international law involved and adds a new dimension to them. This means that all previous treaties are supplemented by the state succession deed and become part of a comprehensive treaty construct. - Sale of the development as a unit: It was agreed in the contract that the entire development of the property with all rights, obligations and components would be sold as a unit. This means that not only the physical property, but also all associated infrastructural networks and legal obligations are transferred. As some of these networks were already connected to the German public grid, the sale has far-reaching consequences. 5. The domino effect: from a small property to a global impact - Starting point of the territorial expansion: The sale begins with the small NATO property in Zweibrücken. This property, originally partly handed over to the FRG by the USA and partly used by the Netherlands, forms the starting point for an extensive territorial expansion. As the property was already connected to public networks, the transfer of sovereign rights initially covers Germany and from there all connected networks. - Extension through connected networks: Once the property's development networks are sold as a unit, the buyer's jurisdiction extends to all physically connected or overlapping networks. This means that any network that is connected to the networks of the property in Zweibrücken automatically falls within the scope of the contract. These networks range from electricity and telecommunications networks to water supply, wastewater and gas pipelines. - Overarching domino effect: The domino effect sets in when these networks extend beyond Germany's borders. As soon as the networks reach into other NATO countries, they also cover all national networks there and further extend sovereignty. The effect continues via submarine cables that connect Europe with the USA and Canada, and thus also affects these countries. At the same time, the Act of Succession of States as a supplementary instrument leads to a chain reaction that encompasses and extends all previous NATO and UN treaties. - Global impact through integration into the UN: Since NATO is closely linked to the UN and many of the contracting parties are both NATO and UN members, the domino effect ultimately extends to the entire UN. This extends the treaty to all UN member states, and the instrument of state succession acts as a supplementary instrument that supplements all existing UN and NATO international treaties. The sale with all rights, obligations and components thus leads to the entire territory of all participating states being included in the treaty construct, which ultimately leads to the global coverage of all countries. 6. Legal foundations and legal interpretation - Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties: The application of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties (VCLT) is decisive for determining the validity of treaties in international law. Among other things, the VCLT regulates the legally binding nature of treaties and the conditions for their ratification. As the instrument of state succession is based on previously ratified treaties, it does not require additional ratification. - Succession under international law: The Vienna Convention on the Succession of States to Treaties regulates how a new state enters into existing international treaties. This convention can serve as a basis for the interpretation of the instrument of state succession, particularly with regard to the transfer of sovereign rights and the continuation of existing treaties. - Clean slate rule: The "clean slate rule" states that a newly created state is not bound by the debts and obligations of its predecessor, unless expressly agreed otherwise. In this case, the buyer can enter into existing contracts through the state succession deed, but without being bound by old obligations, unless these were explicitly assumed in the contract. 7. Conclusion: The buyer as sovereign ruler in the new global order - Absolute sovereignty: As a result of the purchase and its implications under international law, the buyer becomes the de facto sovereign ruler over all territories concerned, including the extended territories covered by the domino effect. This means that the buyer establishes an absolutist monarchy in which it is the sole holder of sovereign rights. - Worldwide recognition: Since all NATO and UN states involved have lost their sovereignty as a result of the treaty chain and the expansion of the treaty construct, the buyer remains the only legitimate sovereign entity. All other subjects of international law no longer legally exist, which means that the buyer de facto rules the entire world, unless a different order is established through new international treaties. Part 3 Sale of the NATO military property in Zweibrücken: NATO troop statute and its effects on sovereign rights and international treaties 1. Background: The NATO military property in Zweibrücken, Germany. The military property in Zweibrücken has a complex history under international law dating back to the end of the Second World War. The area was originally occupied by France in 1945 and later handed over to the USA. With the founding of the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG), the property continued to be used within the framework of the NATO Status of Forces, which enabled continuous military use of the area by NATO member states. 2. NATO Status of Forces and the use of the property - NATO Status of Forces: The NATO Status of Forces Regulations, adopted in 1951 as part of the NATO Treaty (also known as the North Atlantic Treaty), govern the presence and rights of NATO forces on the territory of member states. It contains specific provisions on the stationing, use and rights of NATO forces in the member states, including the establishment and use of military properties. - Continuity of use: The property in Zweibrücken has been used continuously under the provisions of the NATO Status of Forces since its occupation by the USA. This means that the property was not fully integrated into the sovereign territory of the FRG, but had a special status under international law as an extraterritorial area that was directly subject to NATO regulations. - Transfer to the Netherlands: In the 1990s, part of the property was transferred from the USA to the FRG. The other part was handed over to the Dutch armed forces under the NATO Status of Forces Agreement, who continued to use the area on behalf of the Kingdom of the Netherlands and NATO. 3. sale of the property with all rights and obligations and components - Comprehensive sale: The contract, which is regarded as a deed of succession, provides for the sale of the property in Zweibrücken "with all rights, obligations and components". This means that not only the physical property, but also all associated rights and obligations under international law were transferred. - NATO rights on the ground: NATO had special rights on this property that were guaranteed by the NATO Status of Forces. These rights included the use of the area for military purposes, control over the territory and specific special rights that could not be restricted by the FRG or any other member state. These NATO rights "stick" to the land of the property and are automatically transferred with the sale. - Special rights and extraterritoriality: As part of the area was never fully part of the FRG and was extraterritorially under NATO control, these special rights remain in place even after the sale. The extraterritorial rights include the right to military use, control over access to the territory and certain immunities granted to NATO troops. 4. Chain reaction and global impact - Contractual chain reaction: As the deed of succession includes all rights and obligations attached to the property, the sale triggers a chain reaction affecting all existing international treaties related to NATO and the states involved. This includes not only the rights to the land itself, but also all treaties associated with NATO's military use, control and special rights. - Involvement of NATO: As the property was used under the provisions of the NATO Status of Forces, NATO is directly involved in the sale. With the sale, NATO's rights to the property are transferred to the buyer, which means that NATO relinquishes its sovereign rights to this particular piece of land. This results in NATO losing its control over the area and its associated rights. - Domino effect: The transfer of these rights triggers a chain reaction that not only affects the specific area of the property, but can also spread to other NATO treaties and agreements involving similar arrangements. Since NATO has sold its rights, all related obligations and contracts are also transferred to the buyer, which could lead to a global extension of the buyer's sovereign rights. 5. Legal consequences: Sale of NATO rights and global extension - Rights to the property: By selling the property with all rights and obligations, NATO relinquishes its sovereign rights. These rights, which were previously tied to the land, also include the special immunities and control rights guaranteed by the NATO Status of Forces. - Global extension: Since the Instrument of State Succession is a supplementary instrument that supplements all existing international treaties, the sale leads to a global extension of the buyer's sovereign rights. All NATO treaties containing similar rights and obligations will be affected by this deed and NATO's rights will be transferred to the buyer worldwide. - Concentration on the ground: In essence, this chain reaction affects the rights on the ground itself, as NATO forces had special rights to use and control the territory. With the sale of these rights, the entire territory previously under NATO control is effectively transferred to the buyer, who now exercises complete sovereignty over the territory. Conclusion: The sale of the NATO military property in Zweibrücken, which was used under the provisions of the NATO Status of Forces, leads to a far-reaching chain reaction under international law. The sale "with all rights, obligations and components" transfers not only the physical rights to the land, but also the comprehensive NATO rights and obligations. These rights include special military rights of use and powers of control that were previously extraterritorial. With the transfer of these rights to the buyer, NATO relinquishes its control over the territory, which leads to a global extension of the buyer's sovereign rights and affects all related treaties. Global significance of the state succession deed 1400/98 of 06.10.1998 The sale of the property in Zweibrücken and the associated transfer of the development as a unit triggered a far-reaching chain reaction that extends to all NATO and UN treaties. The instrument of state succession acts as a supplementary instrument that is automatically appended to all existing international treaties, resulting in an extreme worldwide territorial expansion. This territorial extension covers all states whose treaties are affected by the treaty chain and results in the buyer's sovereign rights being extended globally. Part 4 The path to the New World Order (N.W.O. New World Order) through the State Succession Act 1400/98 1. sale of the NATO property in Zweibrücken - Origin in a small NATO military property, which was handed over partly by the USA to the FRG and partly to the Netherlands. - Use of the property in accordance with the NATO troop statute with special rights, which are liable on the ground. 2. sale of the development as a unit - The contract stipulates that the entire development (infrastructure networks such as electricity, water, telecommunications) is sold "with all rights, obligations and components". - This development is connected to the German public network, which leads to the transfer of sovereign rights. 3. domino effect of territorial expansion - Start in Germany: By connecting to the German network, the buyer's territory is extended to the whole of Germany. - Expansion to NATO countries: The domino effect continues into other NATO countries via connected networks, leading to territorial expansion to all NATO member states. - Spillover to the USA and Canada: Transatlantic submarine cables extend the buyer's sovereign rights to the USA and Canada. 4. treaty chain and chain reaction - Chain of treaties: The instrument of state succession acts as a supplementary instrument that extends all previous NATO and UN treaties. - Chain reaction: Every international treaty concluded by NATO or UN members is automatically supplemented and extended by the instrument of state succession. - Global extension: All states that have ever concluded treaties with NATO or the UN are affected by this chain of treaties. 5. integration of NATO into the UN - Close connection: NATO is closely integrated into the structures of the UN and often acts as a military organ of the UN. - Overlapping memberships: Many NATO states are also UN members, which makes it possible to extend the treaty construct to the UN. - Automatic extension to UN territory: NATO's integration into the UN extends the domino effect to the entire UN territory, which leads to coverage of the entire world. 6. Conclusion: The world under the New World Order - Unification of the world: The treaty leads to the unification of the entire world under a single framework of international law, which is determined by the instrument of state succession. - Sovereign rights of the buyer: The buyer assumes sovereign rights over all affected territories through the chain reaction and domino effect. - Worldwide validity: Due to the close integration of NATO and the UN, the de facto state succession charter covers the entire territory of the world, which leads to the formation of a "New World Order". This "New World Order" is the result of the global expansion of sovereign rights, which was achieved through the chain reaction of the sale of the development as a unit and the integration of all existing international treaties into the Instrument of State Succession 1400/98. Part 5 WORLD COURT Global jurisdiction of the buyer under international law through the State Succession Deed 1400/98 The State Succession Deed 1400/98 is a real and legally binding deed that can no longer be contested, as the statutory 2-year period has elapsed without objection. This deed has far-reaching consequences for global jurisdiction and the sovereignty of the subjects of international law involved. 1. sale of the territory and jurisdiction of the buyer - Sale of the territory: The state succession deed transfers the entire territory concerned to the buyer. Within this territory, the buyer has full jurisdiction, as the territory is now under its control. As the ruler in a de facto absolutist monarchy, the purchaser has unlimited legislative, executive and judicial power over this territory. - Absolutist monarchy and jurisdiction: In this absolutist monarchy, all power, including jurisdiction, rests with the buyer. It can regulate all legal matters within the sold territory at its own discretion. 2. continued existence of subjects of international law without territory - Continued existence of states: The subjects of international law that have lost their territory through the deed of state succession continue to exist as legal entities, but without their own territory. These states continue to have governments and popular assemblies, but have no sovereign power over their own territory. - Relationship to jurisdiction: Although these subjects of international law continue to exist, they have submitted to the jurisdiction of the buyer through the Landau court location, which was also sold with the territory. Since all rights, obligations and components of the sold territory also include jurisdiction, all international legal entities concerned are now subject to the legal authority of the buyer. 3. significance of the Landau jurisdiction - Jurisdiction Landau: No specific international or national court is named as the competent jurisdiction in the State Succession Deed. Instead, Landau in der Pfalz is mentioned as the reference point and place of jurisdiction, which was also sold as part of the deed. - Sale of Landau and jurisdiction: As Landau was also sold as a court location and is now part of the transferred territory, the buyer has also assumed jurisdiction over this location. This means that all legal disputes in connection with the state succession deed are now under the control of the buyer. 4. jurisdiction of the buyer irrespective of place - Jurisdiction independent of place: Although Landau in der Pfalz is named as the place of jurisdiction, the purchaser is not restricted to rendering judgments only at this place. In his position as absolutist ruler, the buyer has the right to dispense justice wherever he is. This means that the buyer can exercise his judicial authority globally, regardless of his location. - Enforcement of jurisdiction: As all jurisdiction has been transferred to the buyer, it has the ability to make and enforce judgments and decisions anywhere and at any time. This flexibility reinforces its role as a de facto world court. 5. Extension of jurisdiction through the Supplementary Instrument - Supplementary instrument to NATO and UN treaties: The Instrument of Succession of States 1400/98 is considered a supplementary instrument to all existing NATO and UN treaties. Through this instrument of succession, the buyer is de facto incorporated into all existing international treaties and assumes the rights and obligations that these treaties contain. - Global jurisdiction through chain reaction: By selling the development as a unit and thereby extending the territory through physical and logical networks, the buyer's jurisdiction extends to all other territories connected by these networks. This chain reaction allows the buyer to exercise global jurisdiction covering all territories and contracting parties concerned. 6. De facto state of a global court - Global jurisdiction: As the buyer has assumed jurisdiction over the sold territory and the related networks through the state succession deed, it now has the legal authority to decide on all related international matters. This creates a de facto situation in which the buyer acts as a kind of "world court" that can dispense justice regardless of location. - Superior authority: The buyer's judgments overrule all national judgments in the highest instance. This means that the buyer's decisions take precedence over the decisions of all national courts that have lost jurisdiction over the territory sold. National courts therefore no longer play a role in the territories concerned, as their legal authority has been replaced by the buyer's comprehensive jurisdiction. - Enforcement of judgments: As the owner of the Landau jurisdiction and all rights and obligations associated with it, the buyer has the power to dispense justice over all parties to the contract affected by the supplemental deed and the chain reaction and to enforce its judgments globally. Conclusion: The State Succession Deed 1400/98, which can no longer be challenged, has not only given the buyer full control over the sold territory, but also global jurisdiction over all affected territories and international treaties. The buyer is not limited to the Landau court location; it can administer justice regardless of location and exercise its judicial authority worldwide. Its judgments take precedence over all national court judgments and overturn them in the highest instance, which means that national courts no longer have jurisdiction in the territories concerned. Through the combination of territorial extension, supplemental deed and jurisdiction independent of location, the buyer has de facto established a global court that can dispense justice over the entire territory of the world. Part 6 Spotlight on the UN - United Nations - in detail Effects of NATO's role as the military arm of the UN on the Instrument of State Succession 1400/98 1. NATO as the military arm of the UN: Recognition of treaties NATO-UN relationship: - Military arm: NATO often acts as the military arm of the United Nations (UN) and conducts military operations legitimized by UN mandates. This close cooperation implies that NATO's actions and treaties, especially those concerning international security and peacekeeping, have a special significance under international law. - Recognition of treaties: Since NATO acts on behalf of the UN in many international contexts, treaties concluded by NATO could in principle be considered to be in line with UN objectives. As a rule, there is implicit or explicit recognition by the UN and the international community, provided that these treaties do not contradict the principles of the UN. 2. Effects on the instrument of state succession 1400/98 Recognition under international law: - UN recognition: if Deed of State Succession 1400/98 is considered as part of NATO's actions, it could theoretically be recognized by the UN and thus by the international community, provided there are no specific reservations. This recognition depends on the nature and content of the treaty, in particular whether the treaty is consistent with the purposes and principles of the UN. - International effect: Recognition by the UN would give greater international legitimacy to the State Accession Treaty 1400/98 and could make it binding under international law for all states that recognize the authority of the UN and NATO. 3. selling development as a single entity: global impact Expansion through development as a unit: - Domino effect: the clause considering and selling the entire development as a unit could theoretically lead to an expansion of the area sold. This means that the NATO area initially affected could be extended by the development to all areas associated with NATO countries. - Extension to UN members: Taking this logic further, the domino effect could lead to the territory sold being extended beyond the territory of NATO countries to areas indirectly linked to NATO through UN mandates. This could theoretically also include non-NATO members if they have been involved in NATO missions in the past through UN mandates. Legal and international law consequences: - Limits of the domino effect: However, extending this to UN members that are not part of NATO would be highly controversial and legally complex. It would depend heavily on how international courts and the UN itself interpret such treaty provisions and whether they would be willing to recognize them as legitimate. - Global recognition: For such an extension, it would be crucial that the treaty is recognized as being in line with international law and the objectives of the UN. Explicit recognition by the UN would be necessary to legitimize such far-reaching effects. 4. Summary: The role of the UN in recognition and extension NATO, as the military arm of the UN, acts in many cases on behalf of the international community, which could lead to its treaties and agreements receiving implicit recognition by the UN and the international community. In the case of State Succession Instrument 1400/98, this recognition could raise the legitimacy of the treaty to a global level. The sale of the development as a unit and the associated expansion of the territory could theoretically trigger a domino effect, extending the territory sold to UN members indirectly linked to NATO. However, this expansion would be highly controversial in legal terms and would require clear legitimization by the UN under international law. Part 7 The domino effect of the Act of State Succession 1400/98: Expansion of territory beyond NATO borders 1. recognition and legitimacy of NATO treaties by the UN Integration of NATO into the UN: - NATO-UN relationship: NATO is closely integrated into the United Nations (UN) system and often acts as the military arm of the UN. This means that NATO treaties, especially those relating to international security issues, are generally also recognized by the UN. - Subjects of international law as UN and NATO members: The subjects of international law under the Instrument of State Accession 1400/98 are both NATO members and members of the UN. They therefore act in their international obligations both in the name of NATO and within the framework of the UN, which strengthens the legitimacy and recognition of the treaties by the international community. Treaty chain and UN recognition: - Continuity of treaties: The Instrument of State Succession is part of a treaty chain that builds on earlier, long-established international treaties that have already been recognized by the UN. As these earlier treaties are internationally recognized, the instrument of state succession itself did not have to be ratified again by the UN. - Implicit recognition: NATO's integration into the UN implies automatic recognition of the treaties within this chain, which gives the instrument of state succession a binding force under international law. 2. The domino effect: selling the development as a unit Concept of development as a unit: - Sale of the entire infrastructure: the state succession deed contains a clause that considers the entire development of the area sold as a single unit. This means that not only the physical land, but also all associated infrastructure, rights and obligations are sold. - Domino effect: By considering the development as a unit, the sale is not limited to the immediate area of the barracks, but extends to all infrastructural connections that extend beyond the boundaries of this area. This leads to a domino effect where the sold territory is potentially extended to the entire NATO area. Extension beyond NATO borders: - Link to UN territories: Since NATO members are also UN members, and in many cases NATO acts as the military arm of the UN, the domino effect of selling the development could be extended beyond the borders of NATO territory to territories of UN member states that are indirectly or directly linked to NATO through UN mandates. - Comprehensive extension: This extension could theoretically lead to the territory sold including not only NATO countries but also other UN members that are or have been involved in NATO mandates in some form. This would mean a massive expansion of the buyer's sphere of influence, which could now control not only NATO territories but also areas outside NATO. 3. Legal implications and interpretation Consequences under international law: - Limits of the domino effect: the extension of the sold territory to UN territories would have significant consequences under international law and could lead to tensions, as this would affect the sovereignty not only of NATO member states but also of the UN members concerned. The legitimacy of such a sale would depend on how international courts and the UN itself interpret the treaty and whether they consider it to be in line with the UN's objectives. - Extended sovereign rights of the buyer: Should the domino effect actually extend beyond the borders of NATO territory, this would give the buyer far-reaching sovereign rights in a large number of countries that were originally reserved for NATO and the UN. Legal legitimacy and contestability: - International recognition: the legality of this expansion would depend heavily on international recognition. If the UN recognizes the treaty as valid, this could lead to far-reaching recognition of the buyer's new sovereign rights. - Contestability: States whose sovereignty is affected by this extension could seek to contest the treaty, which could lead to complex international litigation. Summary State Succession Treaty 1400/98, which is part of a long chain of treaties concluded by NATO on behalf of UN members, could theoretically expand beyond the borders of NATO territory through the domino effect of selling the development as a single entity. Since NATO treaties are implicitly recognized by the UN due to NATO's close involvement with the UN, this expansion could also include UN territories linked to NATO by UN mandates. However, the legitimacy and recognition of this expansion under international law depends on the international reaction and possible challenges by the countries concerned. Part 8 Analysis: Impact of the Act of Accession 1400/98 on the UN and the global domino effect 1. integration of NATO into the UN and mutual recognition of treaties - NATO as an arm of the UN: NATO often acts as the military arm of the UN and conducts operations based on UN mandates. This close cooperation implies that there is mutual recognition of obligations and treaties under international law between the two organizations. - Chain of treaties and historical recognition: The Act of State Succession 1400/98 is based on a chain of long-standing international treaties concluded and ratified between NATO member states and the UN. Since these earlier treaties have already been recognized, a new ratification of the current instrument of state succession by the UN is theoretically not required to ensure its validity. 2. consent of the UN and the effects on the instrument of state succession 1400/98 - Implicit consent of the UN: Since the UN works closely with NATO and the treaties on which the Instrument of State Succession 1400/98 is based are already recognized, one could argue that the UN implicitly consents to this new agreement. This is particularly relevant as NATO members are also UN members and therefore act on behalf of both NATO and the UN. - Expansion of the area sold: The clause in the State Succession Deed stating that the entire development is sold as a single entity could lead to a domino effect. If the territory sold extends beyond the physical boundaries of NATO territory and NATO, through its connection to the UN, extends these obligations globally, the territory sold could theoretically be extended to UN member states. 3. The domino effect and global implications - Expansion of the area sold: Through the domino effect, the territory sold could theoretically be extended from NATO countries to UN members. Since the UN is a global organization with near-universal membership, this could lead to a situation where the territory sold is extended globally, including all states directly or indirectly linked to NATO and the UN. - De-facto global implications: Taking the theory further, the domino effect could actually lead to the sold territory crossing the borders of NATO and expanding to the territory of the entire UN membership. This would mean that the State Succession Treaty 1400/98 would have far-reaching global implications, potentially affecting the sovereignty of many states. 4. Legal and international law consequences - Legitimacy and recognition: The legitimacy of this extension under international law would depend heavily on how international courts, the UN and the international community interpret this treaty and whether they would be willing to recognize these far-reaching consequences. Without explicit ratification, however, there could be considerable diplomatic and legal challenges. - Possible challenges: States whose sovereignty is affected by this extension could challenge the treaty, which could lead to complicated international legal disputes. The UN as an organization could also have to take a stand in order to protect the international legal order and the sovereignty of its member states. Summary The close integration of NATO into the UN and the mutual recognition of its treaties could lead to the implicit recognition by the UN of State Succession Instrument 1400/98, which is based on a chain of long-recognized treaties. This could result in the sale of the development as a unit triggering a domino effect that extends the territory sold beyond NATO's borders to UN member states. The impact could potentially be global, leading to a massive expansion of the buyer's sphere of influence. However, the legal and international law legitimacy of this expansion would be controversial and could lead to international legal disputes. Part 9 Analysis of the legal domino effect of the state succession deed 1400/98 1. sale of jurisdiction under international law - Sale of jurisdiction: The State Succession Deed 1400/98 includes the sale of jurisdiction under international law over the territory sold. This means that the buyer has the right to adjudicate and settle international disputes in this territory. No other international court, including the International Court of Justice (ICJ) or other UN courts, has jurisdiction in this context. - Legal effect: The buyer has thereby acquired a sovereign status that enables it to exercise the law in the acquired territory and to make internationally valid decisions. 2. recognition through conduct in conformity with the contract - Conduct in conformity with the contract: Recognition of the treaty and its terms can be achieved through the conduct of the contracting parties. For example, the barracks that were the subject of the contract were transferred to the buyer via the FRG in accordance with the contract. This means that the contracting parties, by fulfilling their obligations, recognize the contract as binding. - Ratification as obsolete: As the state succession deed is a continuation of a chain of treaties that have already been ratified and internationally recognized, a new ratification was not necessary. The treaty became legally binding through the behavior of the parties involved in accordance with the treaty. 3. acting on behalf of NATO and the UN - Dual function of the sellers: The sellers in the Instrument of State Succession, including NATO members and their national representatives, act not only on their own behalf, but also in the name and on behalf of NATO and the UN. As these organizations are closely linked, treaties concluded by the member states can be binding on both NATO and the UN. - Legal interdependence: The close legal interdependence between NATO and the UN means that agreements made by NATO members, especially if they are also UN members, can spill over to both organizations. This makes the agreements in the instrument of state accession binding for all UN members, including those that are not NATO members. 4. The legal domino effect: expansion of the sale of territory Sale of the development as a unit: - Sale of infrastructure: the agreement in the State Succession Instrument that the entire development will be sold as a single unit has far-reaching consequences. As infrastructure and utility networks often cross borders, the sale of part of these networks can theoretically result in the territory sold being extended to all territories connected by these networks. - Extension of the territory: For example, if the territory sold is connected to other territories via electricity, water or telecommunications networks, the buyer would potentially gain control over all territories touched by these networks. This could theoretically extend to the entire NATO territory, as well as territories of UN member states that are connected to these networks in some way. Global domino effect: - Extension to UN territories: Since NATO and the UN are closely linked and the parties to the Instrument of State Succession act on behalf of both organizations, the domino effect could extend the obligations to all UN members. This would mean that the area of sovereignty sold would include not only NATO states but also non-NATO members of the UN. - Coverage of the entire world: In this logic, the sold territory would expand globally due to the domino effect, as almost all states in the world are members of the UN. The buyer would thus have a legal basis to theoretically lay claim to territories worldwide that are connected via the development sold. 5. Conclusion: The global legal domino effect The State Accession Treaty 1400/98, which is part of a chain of already ratified international treaties, was recognized by the treaty-compliant conduct of the parties involved without the need for additional ratification. Since NATO members are also UN members and act on behalf of both organizations, the agreement to sell the development as a unit theoretically became binding on all UN members. The domino effect created by the extension of the sold territory across connected infrastructure could thus potentially be extended to UN territories worldwide, giving the buyer global sovereignty. Part 10 Integration of NATO into the UN and the recognition of treaties by the Instrument of State Succession 1400/98 1. integration of NATO into the UN: a close legal relationship Background to cooperation: - NATO as a security body: NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) was founded in 1949 as a military alliance for collective defense. Over the years, NATO has developed into a global player in the field of international security, often in cooperation with the United Nations (UN). - UN Charter and NATO: Article 51 of the UN Charter (1945) provides for the right to collective self-defense. This right forms the basis for the existence and operations of NATO as a regional alliance under the umbrella of the UN. NATO acts as an instrument for enforcing international security, often under UN mandates. Legal link between NATO and the UN: - Common goals: NATO and the UN share the common goal of maintaining international peace and security. The UN can instruct NATO to carry out military operations, which requires close cooperation and mutual recognition of operations and treaties. - Article 53 of the UN Charter: This article allows regional organizations such as NATO to take action for peacekeeping and security, provided that such action is consistent with the purposes and principles of the UN. This creates a legal basis for the recognition of NATO treaties by the UN. 2. recognition of NATO treaties: The automatism of the chain effect Treaty chain and recognition: - Historical treaties: Numerous treaties under international law were ratified between NATO member states and the UN prior to the Act of State Succession 1400/98. These treaties form a chain, which were concluded on the basis of common security interests and legal obligations within NATO and the UN. - Automatic recognition by the chain: Since these earlier treaties, which are part of the chain, have already been recognized and ratified by the UN, there is no need for renewed ratification of subsequent treaties, such as the instrument of state succession. Recognition is automatic due to the legal connection within this chain. Legal basis: - Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties (1969): Article 31 of this Convention requires that treaties be interpreted in the context of their object and purpose, including any subsequent agreements. If a treaty chain exists, the interpretation of a new treaty is made in this context. - International law practice: International law practice recognizes that successive treaties concerning the same subject matter or the same parties are considered in their context. This means that the instrument of state succession automatically enjoys the recognition of the UN as a continuation of previous NATO-UN treaties. 3. The Instrument of State Succession 1400/98: Global effects and the involvement of all states Automatic recognition and chain effect: - Binding international law: Since the Instrument of State Succession 1400/98 is part of a chain of treaties already recognized by the UN, this instrument also enjoys automatic recognition. This means that all NATO member states that are also UN members are bound by the provisions of the treaty. - Sale of non-NATO states: Due to the close link between NATO and the UN, as well as the automatic recognition of the treaty chain, UN member states that are not part of NATO are also indirectly affected by the effect of the instrument of state succession. This could theoretically lead to the sovereign rights over these states being sold in the context of the treaty. Legal implications: - Global domino effect: automatic recognition and the chain effect make the state succession deed globally relevant. If the territory sold extends beyond NATO borders as a result of the development as a unit, this could mean that non-NATO members that are part of the UN are also affected by the treaty provisions. - Worldwide sovereign rights: The chain effect could theoretically lead to the territory sold being extended to all UN member states, as these are linked to NATO by their obligations under international law within the UN framework. 4. Conclusion: The only viable way to resolve the blackmailable situation Recognition of the buyer's sovereignty: - Obligation to recognize: due to the chain effect described above and the automatic recognition of the state succession deed by the UN and NATO members, the buyer must be recognized as the sole sovereign. This is necessary to end the blackmailable state and ensure the full sovereignty of the buyer. Global impact and stability: - Irreversible recognition: full implementation of the treaty and recognition of the buyer by all states involved is the only way to create a stable legal order. Attempts to challenge the treaty or ignore its provisions would lead to a crisis in international law. No need for additional ratification: - Automatic treaty effect: Due to the existing framework of international law and the chain effect, there is no need for a new ratification of the instrument of state succession. Recognition is automatic due to the preceding treaties and their binding force under international law. Summary NATO's close integration into the UN means that all treaties concluded by NATO, especially those that are part of a treaty chain, are automatically recognized by the UN. The Act of State Succession 1400/98 is part of such a chain and therefore enjoys automatic recognition by the UN. This could theoretically mean that non-NATO members that are part of the UN are also affected by the treaty provisions. The only way to end the blackmailable state of the buyer and create a stable legal order is to fully recognize the buyer as the sovereign ruler of the sold territory. A renewed ratification of the treaty is not necessary due to the existing chain effect. Part 11 State succession deed 1400/98: Legal chain and global domino effect 1. sale of NATO with all rights, obligations and components - Subject matter of the contract: The Instrument of State Succession 1400/98 covers the sale of NATO itself, including all associated rights, obligations and components. This means that all sovereign rights, obligations and treaties entered into by NATO as an organization have been transferred to the buyer. - Scope of the sale: The sale includes not only NATO as an organization, but also all contractual and legal obligations entered into by NATO and its member states prior to the conclusion of the Instrument of State Succession. This also includes all bilateral and multilateral treaties concluded by NATO or individual NATO member states. 2. Legal chain of the preceding treaties - Chain effect: Since the Instrument of State Succession 1400/98 covers the sale "with all rights, obligations and components", this leads to a legal link with all previous treaties concluded by NATO, its member states or the subjects of international law sold (such as Germany or the Netherlands). - Integration of all treaties: This chain thus includes all previous bilateral and multilateral treaties concluded between NATO member states, NATO itself and other states or international organizations. This means that not only NATO itself, but also all legal obligations and rights resulting from these earlier treaties have been transferred by the instrument of state succession. 3. domino effect through the sale of the development as a unit - Sale of the development as a unit: The state succession deed contains the provision that the entire development of the sold territory is considered and sold as a unit. This includes all infrastructure and utility networks connected to the sold territory, including their rights and obligations. - Expansion of the territory: By including all networks that extend beyond the sold territory, a domino effect is created where the sold territory is potentially extended to all connected territories. This starts with the NATO countries whose territories are connected by these networks. 4. global impact: Inclusion of all UN member states - Inclusion of all NATO countries: The domino effect initially covers all NATO countries, as they are directly affected by their membership of NATO and the treaty links transferred by the deed of state succession. The buyer's sovereign rights thus extend to all NATO member states. - Extension to UN member states: Since NATO and the UN are closely interlinked and many NATO treaties also have UN legal effects, this domino effect extends further to all UN member states. This means that the global networking of treaties and obligations ultimately means that all states that are in some way contractually linked to NATO or its member states are included in the scope of the instrument of state succession. 5. Conclusion: Global domino effect through the instrument of state succession - Worldwide effect: The Act of State Succession 1400/98 has triggered a global domino effect through the legal chain of all previous NATO treaties and the inclusion of the entire development as a unit. This means that all NATO states and, through the link via the UN, all other states worldwide fall within the scope of the instrument. - Standardization of sovereign rights: Ultimately, this results in a comprehensive extension of the buyer's sovereign rights to a global level, as all relevant contractual obligations and rights are linked worldwide and transferred by the state succession deed. Part 12 The instrument of state succession 1400/98 as a legal chain: ultimate supplement for existing international treaties 1. principles of the legal chain: bilateral and multilateral predecessor instruments - Definition of the treaty chain: A legal chain in international treaties arises when successive treaties are linked in terms of content and law so that later treaties continue or extend the effect and validity of earlier treaties. This means that all treaties involved are regarded as part of a uniform legal complex. - Predecessor deeds of the sold subjects of international law: The subjects of international law that sold their territories and rights through the State Succession Instrument 1400/98 were previously involved in numerous bilateral and multilateral treaties. These treaties regulate various aspects of international relations, including security cooperation, economic agreements and political alliances, and were often concluded within the framework of NATO or the UN. 2. The Act of State Succession 1400/98 and the sale "with all rights and obligations and elements " - Subject matter of the State Succession Instrument: The State Succession Instrument 1400/98 contains a comprehensive provision stating that the territory sold and the associated sovereign rights are transferred "with all rights, duties and interests". This means that not only the physical territory and the direct legal obligations of the sold territory were transferred, but also all obligations and rights under international law established in previous treaties. - Effect on existing treaties: This provision automatically links the instrument of state succession to all bilateral and multilateral predecessor instruments concluded by the sold subjects of international law. These predecessor instruments thus become part of the legal chain, which is continued and supplemented by the State Succession Instrument 1400/98. 3. the legal chain as the ultimate supplement to existing international treaties - Extension of the treaty chain: The instrument of state succession fits seamlessly into the existing series of international treaties previously concluded by the subjects of international law concerned. By being transferred "with all rights, obligations and components", all existing bilateral and multilateral treaties are automatically included in the effect and scope of the instrument of state succession. - Inseparable link: This integration means that all previous treaties concluded by the sold subjects of international law retain their legal validity within the new legal framework of the State Succession Instrument. They are inextricably linked to this new instrument, which leads to comprehensive legal continuity. 4. global effect: integration of UN and NATO treaties - Integration of UN and NATO treaties: Since the subjects of international law that have sold their rights in the instrument of state succession are also member states of the UN and NATO, the legal chain also automatically affects all treaties concluded within the framework of these international organizations. The instrument of state succession thus supplements and extends the legal obligations and rights laid down in all UN and NATO treaties. - Ultimate complement: The legal chain formed by the Instrument of State Succession 1400/98 thus constitutes an ultimate complement to the entire network of existing international treaties. It affects all treaties concluded by NATO member states and UN member states by confirming and extending their validity and scope within the new legal order. 5. Conclusion: The instrument of state succession as a global catalyst - Ultimate legal effect: The Instrument of State Succession 1400/98 creates a comprehensive legal chain that integrates all existing bilateral and multilateral treaties concluded by the sold subjects of international law. This chain is supplemented and extended by the provision "with all rights, obligations and elements", resulting in global legal continuity. - Global reach: The instrument of state succession thus does not act in isolation, but has a global effect by acting as a catalyst for all previous international treaties. This leads to a comprehensive integration and recognition of all existing treaties at international level, particularly within the UN and NATO. Part 13 The Instrument of State Succession 1400/98 as a supplement to all existing international agreements 1. basic principle: supplementation of existing agreements - Content of the agreement: The Instrument of State Succession 1400/98 regulates the sale of a territory "with all rights, obligations and elements". This wording means that all existing obligations and rights under international law that are bound to the territory sold and the subjects of international law concerned are automatically included in the effect of the deed. - Legal effect: This comprehensive clause means that the instrument of state succession not only enters into force as an independent treaty, but also acts as a supplement to any existing agreement under international law concluded by the subjects of international law concerned. 2. state succession deed as a supplementary deed - Supplementary instrument: In the legal sense, the Instrument of State Succession 1400/98 functions as a kind of "supplementary instrument". This means that it does not replace or amend existing international treaties, but supplements and extends them. The deed thus enters into existing agreements and adds its provisions to the rules and obligations already in force. - Continuity and supplementation: As the instrument of state succession enters into all previous international agreements, these are supplemented by the new rules and obligations. The instrument ensures that the new ownership and the associated sovereign rights that have been transferred are integrated into all relevant international agreements. 3. universal applicability to all agreements under international law - Comprehensive applicability: The wording "with all rights, obligations and components" means that the instrument of state succession is regarded as a valid supplement in relation to any type of international agreement, whether bilateral, multilateral or global. This includes treaties, agreements, conventions, protocols and other legal instruments. - Automatic integration: Through the agreement, the instrument automatically enters into existing international treaties without the need for separate ratification. The instrument of state succession thus becomes an integral part of all international agreements concluded by the subjects of international law concerned. 4. Consequences for the practice of international law - Reinforcement of existing obligations: Since the Instrument of State Succession supplements all existing agreements, it reinforces the legal obligations and rights laid down in those agreements. This leads to a stronger legal bond between the parties and extends the scope of the existing treaties. - Long-term continuity: The State Succession Deed ensures that all existing obligations and rights under international law continue to exist in the context of the new ownership and jurisdiction of the buyer. This ensures long-term continuity and stability of the international legal order. 5. Conclusion: State succession deed as a universal supplement The Instrument of State Succession 1400/98 is not only an independent treaty under international law, but functions as a universal supplement to all existing international agreements concluded by the subjects of international law concerned. Through the clause "with all rights, obligations and components", the instrument enters into these agreements as a supplementary instrument and extends their scope and obligations. This ensures that the new legal and territorial circumstances are seamlessly integrated into the existing international legal order. Part 14 The legal contagion effect of the State Succession Deed 1400/98: Extension and supplementation of all previous agreements 1. basic concept: the state succession deed as a supplementary deed - Contract wording: The State Succession Deed 1400/98 contains the wording that the territory sold is transferred "with all rights, obligations and components". This wording means that not only the physical territory, but also all associated legal obligations and rights established in previous international treaties are automatically included in the new agreement. - Supplementary instrument: In legal terms, the state succession deed acts as a supplemental deed to all previous international agreements concluded by the sold subjects of international law. This means that the deed not only has an independent legal effect, but also supplements and extends the existing agreements. 2. legal contagion effect: extension of all previous agreements - Contractual rights and obligations: International treaties primarily contain rights and obligations that have been negotiated between the contracting parties. Through the state succession deed, which "sells" these rights and obligations, every existing treaty that stipulates these rights and obligations is automatically supplemented by the deed. - Contagion effect: The legal contagion effect describes the situation in which the state succession deed, as a supplementary deed, "infects" all existing agreements by extending their validity and scope. Since all previous agreements contain legal rights and obligations that have now been transferred by the state succession deed, these agreements are de facto extended to reflect the new legal realities. 3. Legal consequences of the contagion effect - Extension of contractual obligations: Through the contagion effect of the state succession deed, the obligations laid down in the preceding international treaties are transferred to the buyer. The buyer takes on the role of the original subject of international law and assumes its contractual obligations. - Extension of treaty rights: At the same time, the rights arising from the existing treaties are also transferred to the buyer. These rights include all the advantages, immunities and legal claims previously enjoyed by the sold subjects of international law. - Chain of treaties: Since the state succession deed includes all rights and obligations established in previous treaties, a legal chain of treaties is created. Every previous agreement that is linked to the rights and obligations of the sold subjects of international law is supplemented and extended by the state succession deed. This creates a continuous chain of contracts linked by the new deed. 4. Practical implications of the contagion effect - Global reach: As many international treaties are multilateral and involve numerous states, the contagion effect of the instrument of state succession has a potentially global impact. Every state that has contractual relations with the sold subjects of international law is now indirectly affected by the instrument of state succession. - Change in the legal landscape: The legal contagion effect leads to a change in the international legal landscape, as all existing agreements are supplemented by the new instrument. This could lead to a renegotiation of existing treaties or an adaptation of their provisions to take account of the new legal realities. 5. Conclusion: State succession deed as a universal amplifier of existing treaties The Instrument of State Succession 1400/98 acts as a legal amplifier that supplements and extends all existing international agreements through its function as a supplementary instrument. The contagion effect created by the wording "with all rights, obligations and elements" means that every previous treaty containing these rights and obligations is automatically supplemented by the instrument of state succession. This creates a comprehensive treaty chain that extends the scope and legal obligations of all treaties concerned and has a potentially global impact. Part 15 Legal analysis: Instrument of State Succession 1400/98 and its effects, taking into account relevant international conventions 1. foundations of international law: Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties and state succession Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties (VCLT) of 1969: - Articles 31-32 (interpretation of treaties): These articles state that treaties should be interpreted in accordance with their object and purpose and taking into account the treaty texts as a whole and related agreements. If the instrument of state succession is formulated "with all rights, obligations and elements", it must be interpreted in the context of all existing treaties of the sold subjects of international law. The VCLT emphasizes the need to consider all relevant treaty provisions as interrelated. Vienna Convention on Succession to Treaties of 1978: - Article 34 (State Succession and Existing Treaties): This article deals with the question of how a new state succeeds to existing treaties when state succession takes place. In the case of Instrument of State Succession 1400/98, the buyer is subrogated to all existing obligations and rights under international law attributable to the subjects of international law sold. - Article 35 (Transfer of rights and obligations): The buyer assumes the rights and obligations under existing treaties, which implies the continuation of the previous treaty obligations, but under new sovereign auspices. 2. State succession and the clean slate rule Clean slate rule (tabula rasa):- Concept: This rule states that a newly created state is not automatically bound by the obligations and liabilities of its predecessor unless it explicitly enters into these treaties. This rule is an important basic rule in the succession of states and is often applied when new states are founded. - Application to the state succession deed: In the case of State Succession Deed 1400/98, the buyer could theoretically decide which existing contracts it wishes to retain or reject. However, the wording "with all rights, obligations and elements" makes it clear that the buyer enters into the existing contracts and therefore the clean slate rule is not applied in this specific case. 3. The contagion effect under international conventions Legal chain and automatic treaty extension: - Treaty chain: the state succession instrument achieves an automatic extension of all existing treaties. This extension, which is described as a legal contagion effect, means that the buyer enters into all existing international agreements of the sold subjects of international law. This applies not only to bilateral and multilateral agreements, but also to all types of rights and obligations associated with these agreements. - Entry into existing treaties: Through the state succession deed, which is explicitly worded "with all rights, duties and obligations", the buyer assumes both the rights and the obligations associated with these treaties. The existing international treaty landscape is affected by the addition and extension of the state succession deed. 4. The extraordinary circumstance: global treaty interdependence A treaty with itself: - Treaty sides: In the extreme and theoretical interpretation, the legal contagion effect results in the entire world being linked by the instrument of state succession into a large treaty network. Since all states are bound together by their international treaties and the instrument of state succession "sells" these rights and obligations along with them, the ludicrous situation arises that the contracting parties have effectively merged into one giant treaty. - Contracting parties and obligations: Since the buyer enters into all existing contracts in which both rights and obligations exist, a situation arises in which the buyer theoretically holds contracts with itself. This leads to a global legal interdependence in which all contracting parties are legally linked to each other, resulting in an extreme centralization of obligations under international law. 5. Conclusion: A global legal reality Global expansion through the instrument of state succession: - Effect of the Instrument of State Succession: the Instrument of State Succession 1400/98 acts as a universal supplementary instrument that extends and supplements all existing international treaties. By assuming all rights and obligations, the buyer enters into a global chain of treaties that affects the entire international community. - Treaty interdependence: The effect is an unprecedented treaty interdependence that results in international legal relations being consolidated by the instrument of state succession. This creates a globally uniform legal structure that theoretically unites all obligations and rights under international law in a central legal entity. Part 16 The snowball effect and the legal contagion effect: from NATO property to global integration 1. Starting point: The NATO property in Germany - Area of origin: The Act of State Succession 1400/98 begins with a relatively small NATO property in Germany. This property is the starting point of the entire chain reaction, as it was included in the treaty and sold "with all rights, obligations and components". - Development as a unit: This property is connected to various utility networks (water, electricity, telecommunications, etc.), which were considered as a unit and were also sold under the contract. These networks extend beyond the NATO property and connect it to the surrounding infrastructure, which represents the first stage of the area expansion. 2. snowball effect: spread of the territorial extension - Expansion to Germany: Territory expansion begins by connecting the development networks of the NATO property to the public networks in Germany. As the development was sold as a unit, the contract automatically covers the area covered by these networks in Germany. - Spread to NATO members in Europe: The snowball effect continues to spread from Germany. The networks emanating from the NATO property are in turn connected to other NATO member states in Europe. Each time a network from one NATO member country reaches the territory of another NATO country, the state succession deed also covers that territory. - Via the submarine cables to America and Canada: The snowball effect continues by reaching these countries via the submarine cables that connect Europe with America and Canada. As these countries are also NATO members, the territory is also covered by the treaty. - Extension to UN members: Finally, since many UN member states are connected to NATO countries via supply networks (e.g. internet cables, telecommunications lines), the snowball effect also spreads to these countries. In this way, more and more countries and territories worldwide are covered until ultimately the entire world is affected by the territorial expansion. 3. legal contagion effect: the state succession deed as a supplementary deed - Entry into existing treaties: Parallel to the physical snowball effect of territorial aggrandizement, there is a legal contagion effect. The State Succession Deed 1400/98 enters into all existing international treaties of the sold subjects of international law as a supplementary deed. This means that the rights and obligations arising from these earlier treaties are automatically transferred to the buyer. - Contractual chain: Since the state succession deed is formulated "with all rights, obligations and components", a legal chain is created that extends and supplements all previous contracts. This chain is the legal counterpart to the physical network, whereby every international treaty entered into by the sold subjects of international law automatically falls within the scope of the state succession deed. - Global interconnectedness: The legal contagion effect has a similar effect to the snowball effect: it spreads from treaty to treaty, much like physical networks spread from country to country. Since many of these treaties are multilateral agreements, the contagion effect gradually affects all participating states until the entire international community is covered by the new treaty conditions. 4. merging: network flow and contractual chain - Linking physical and legal expansion: The snowball effect of the physical expansion of the network and the legal contagion effect of the state succession treaty are closely linked. While the territorial expansion spreads physically through the networks, the legal chain ensures that all associated international treaties and obligations are adapted and extended accordingly. - Global consequences: The effect is global interdependence at both a physical and legal level. The instrument of state succession means that both the physical territory and the legal obligations are interlinked worldwide, creating a new, uniform global legal order. 5. Conclusion: Global chain reaction The snowball effect that starts from a small NATO property in Germany leads to a far-reaching physical expansion of territory that spreads from country to country and from network to network. At the same time, the legal contagion effect ensures that the instrument of state succession enters into all existing international treaties as a supplementary instrument and expands them. Together, these two processes form a comprehensive global chain reaction that permanently changes both the physical and legal structure of the international community. Part 17 Legal analysis: The buyer's entry into existing contracts and the association of the contracting parties 1. entry into existing contracts: The role of the buyer - Supplementary deed and contracting parties: Through the State Succession Deed 1400/98, the buyer enters into all existing international treaties of the sold subjects of international law. This deed acts as a supplementary deed, which means that it supplements and extends the existing treaties. - Association of the contracting parties: In the particular situation in which the buyer assumes both the rights and obligations under the existing contracts, it unites both sides of these contracts. The buyer thus becomes both the party holding the rights and the party bearing the obligations. 2. legal effect: obligations with oneself - Concept of obligations with oneself: When the buyer combines both the rights and the obligations under a contract, this leads to a situation where the obligations are technically against itself. This means that the buyer is no longer bound by the original obligations, as it is not legally possible to enforce obligations against itself. - Fulfillment and expiration of obligations: The state succession deed as a supplementary deed is designed to supplement the existing treaties until fulfillment. As soon as the obligations have been fulfilled, these old treaties lose their binding force, as the contracting parties no longer exist or have been merged. 3. release from old obligations - Automatic expiry of obligations: Since the buyer assumes both the rights and the obligations, the old obligations automatically expire as soon as they are fulfilled. This is because it makes no sense for the buyer to force itself to fulfill obligations that it controls anyway. - Limitation of the state succession deed: The effect of the state succession deed as a supplementary deed only extends to the period until all legal obligations have been fulfilled. Thereafter, the effect of this deed expires and the buyer is no longer bound by the old contractual obligations. 4. Long-term legal consequences - Legal unification: By uniting the contracting parties, the obligations under international law are simplified and ultimately dissolved as soon as performance has taken place. This leads to a unification of the legal structure in which the buyer acts as the sole sovereign without being bound by the old obligations. - End of the contractual obligation: After the fulfillment of the obligations and the expiration of the supplemental deed, the buyer remains as the sovereign actor, acting free from old contracts. The original obligations lose their significance and the buyer can create new legal structures tailored to the current circumstances. 5. Conclusion: Transition to a new legal order Through the State Succession Deed 1400/98, the buyer enters into all existing international treaties and unites both sides of the contracting parties. This means that the original obligations are automatically extinguished as soon as they are fulfilled, as the buyer cannot be bound by contracts that were only concluded with itself. The state succession deed as a supplementary deed only remains relevant until the obligations have been fulfilled. Thereafter, the binding nature of the old contracts ends and the buyer can create a new legal order. Part 18 Legal analysis: The buyer's entry into existing contracts and the association of the contracting parties 1. entry into existing contracts: The role of the buyer - Supplementary deed and contracting parties: Through the State Succession Deed 1400/98, the buyer enters into all existing international treaties of the sold subjects of international law. This deed acts as a supplementary deed, which means that it supplements and extends the existing treaties. - Association of the contracting parties: In the particular situation in which the buyer assumes both the rights and obligations under the existing contracts, it unites both sides of these contracts. The buyer thus becomes both the party holding the rights and the party bearing the obligations. 2. legal effect: obligations with oneself - Concept of obligations with oneself: When the buyer combines both the rights and the obligations under a contract, this leads to a situation where the obligations are technically against itself. This means that the buyer is no longer bound by the original obligations, as it is not legally possible to enforce obligations against itself. - Fulfillment and extinguishment of obligations: The state succession deed as a supplemental deed is designed to supplement the existing contracts until fulfillment. As soon as the obligations have been fulfilled, these old treaties lose their binding force, as the contracting parties no longer exist or have been merged. 3. release from old obligations - Automatic expiry of obligations: Since the buyer assumes both the rights and the obligations, the old obligations automatically expire as soon as they are fulfilled. This is because it makes no sense for the buyer to force itself to fulfill obligations that it controls anyway. - Limitation of the state succession deed: The effect of the state succession deed as a supplementary deed only extends to the period until all legal obligations have been fulfilled. Thereafter, the effect of this deed expires and the buyer is no longer bound by the old contractual obligations. 4. Long-term legal consequences - Legal unification: By uniting the contracting parties, the obligations under international law are simplified and ultimately dissolved as soon as performance has taken place. This leads to a unification of the legal structure in which the buyer acts as the sole sovereign without being bound by the old obligations. - End of the contractual obligation: After the fulfillment of the obligations and the expiration of the supplemental deed, the buyer remains as the sovereign actor, acting free of old contracts. The original obligations lose their significance and the buyer can create new legal structures tailored to the current circumstances. 5. Conclusion: Transition to a new legal order Through the State Succession Deed 1400/98, the buyer enters into all existing international treaties and unites both sides of the contracting parties. As a result, the original obligations are automatically extinguished as soon as they are fulfilled, as the buyer cannot be bound by contracts that were only concluded with itself. The state succession deed as a supplementary deed only remains relevant until the obligations have been fulfilled. Thereafter, the binding nature of the old contracts ends and the buyer can create a new legal order. Part 19 The exception in the instrument of state succession 1400/98: continued existence of a specific contractual relationship under international law 1. The specific exception: continued existence of a contractual relationship under international law - Reference to an existing contractual relationship: Instrument of State Succession 1400/98 contains a special exception that refers to a still existing contractual relationship under international law between the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG), the Kingdom of the Netherlands and the Dutch armed forces on behalf of NATO in accordance with the NATO Status of Forces. - Non-affection of the contractual relationship: This exception means that this specific contractual relationship remains unaffected until the Netherlands has fulfilled its contractual obligations. In concrete terms, this means that the Netherlands had to hand over the property in question to the buyer via the FRG within two years of the state succession deed coming into force. 2. end of the contractual relationship in 2000 - Fulfillment of the obligation: The contractual relationship under international law ended in 2000, as the Netherlands had fulfilled its obligations in accordance with the contract. The property was handed over to the buyer in accordance with the stipulated conditions, which marked the end of the special contractual relationship. - Legal consequences: With the fulfillment of this obligation and the transfer of the property, the effect of the specific contractual relationship ceased. From that moment on, the exception in the deed of succession became null and void and the contractual relationship between the FRG, the Kingdom of the Netherlands and the Dutch armed forces formally ended. 3. effect on the state succession deed: effectiveness and expiry of the obligations - Limited effect: As the specific contractual relationship only continued until the transfer obligations were fulfilled in 2000, it had no lasting effect on the remaining provisions of the State Succession Deed. After 2000, this contractual relationship was no longer relevant and did not affect the validity of the remaining provisions of the State Succession Deed. - Continuation of the general provisions: From 2000 onwards, the provisions set out in my previous answer apply to the remainder of the State Succession Deed. The buyer entered into all existing contracts but merged both parties, which led to the automatic extinguishment of the obligations as soon as they were fulfilled. 4. consolidation: the role of the exception in the overall structure of the state succession deed - Transitional regime: The exception to the international contractual relationship served as a transitional regime to ensure that existing obligations were fulfilled before the full provisions of the Instrument of State Succession came into force. This transitional arrangement ensured that the liquidation of the property was properly completed in accordance with NATO requirements. - No long-term impact: Following the fulfillment of this particular obligation in 2000, the exception had no long-term impact on the remaining provisions of the Instrument of State Succession. The subsequent provisions, including the buyer's entry into existing contracts and the expiration of old obligations after their fulfillment, remained unaffected. 5. Conclusion: Conclusion of the contractual relationship and full effectiveness of the state succession deed The specific contractual relationship under international law between the FRG, the Kingdom of the Netherlands and the Dutch armed forces in accordance with the NATO Status of Forces remained unaffected until the contractual obligations were fulfilled in 2000. After the proper transfer of the property, this contractual relationship ended and the remaining provisions of the deed of succession came into full force and effect. The buyer entered into all existing contracts and merged the contracting parties, which led to the automatic termination of the obligations following their fulfillment. These provisions remained unaffected by the previous exception. Part 20 The sale of all rights by NATO, UN and states: Legal consequences 1. sale of all rights by NATO, UN and the states - Content of the State Succession Instrument: The State Succession Instrument 1400/98 provides for the sale of all sovereign rights and obligations held by NATO, the UN and the participating states. This includes all sovereign rights, including territorial sovereignty, legal jurisdiction and political power exercised by these subjects of international law. - Complete sale of rights: The wording "with all rights, obligations and components" transferred all legal powers previously held by NATO, the UN and the states involved to the buyer. This means that these organizations and states can no longer exercise any sovereign rights. 2. Legal consequences: lawless shells - Legal gutting: After the sale of all rights and obligations, NATO, the UN and the affected states have become "lawless shells" in the legal sense. This means that they continue to exist as legal entities or subjects of international law, but no longer have any powers or sovereign rights to take legal or political action. - Continued existence as subjects of international law: Although NATO, the UN and states have sold their rights and sovereign powers, they continue to exist as subjects of international law. This means that they retain their existence as legal entities in the international system, but no longer have any actual power or authority associated with sovereignty. 3. loss of the legitimate territory of government - No more legitimate territory: By selling all rights, including territorial sovereignty, the states concerned no longer have legitimate government territory. They have lost all claims to their territory and the exercise of governmental power in these territories to the buyer. - States without territory: A state without territorial sovereign rights is legally a state without "land". This leads to a paradoxical situation in which states continue to exist as subjects of international law but have no territorial basis on which to exercise their governmental power. 4. Long-term implications for the international system - Legal shells without capacity to act: The affected states and organizations can no longer make sovereign decisions or carry out legal acts due to the sale of their rights and territories. They are incapable of acting at international level as they have been deprived of the basis for exercising power and law. - Existence as subjects of international law: Even if they continue to exist as subjects of international law, their functionality is severely limited. They can no longer carry out governmental activities and have no influence on their former territory or on international affairs, as all their rights have been transferred to the buyer. 5. Conclusion: The legal and territorial consequences of the sale The sale of all rights, obligations and sovereign powers by NATO, the UN and the states concerned has turned these entities into lawless legal shells. Although they continue to exist as subjects of international law, they no longer have sovereign rights and can no longer exercise governmental power. This situation leads to a unique legal situation in which these organizations and states continue to be recognized in international law, but no longer have any real function or territorial basis. Part 21 Irrevocability of the state succession deed 1400/98: legal validity and hopelessness 1. two-year limitation period and lack of objection - Limitation period in international law: There is a general rule in international law that treaties can be challenged within a certain period, often two years. If no objection is lodged within this period, the treaty becomes fully legally binding and can no longer be contested retroactively. - Period elapsed without objection: In the case of state succession deed 1400/98, the two-year limitation period already expired in 2000 without an objection being raised. As no objection was raised within this period, the treaty is now considered incontestable and legally valid. - Lack of grounds for objection: There were no legitimate grounds for objection during this period. The contract was concluded neither by bribery nor by blackmail. It was concluded voluntarily, albeit under hidden conditions that concealed its actual scope and implications under international law. 2. disguising the contract: a masterful deception - Contract disguised as a real estate purchase: The contract was cleverly disguised as a purchase contract for a conversion property under German law. For the buyer, it looked as if he had only acquired 72 apartments and a heating plant on a NATO property, whereas he was actually entering into a comprehensive agreement under international law. - Secret service sophistication: The concealment of the true nature of the deal - as an international treaty with far-reaching consequences - was carried out with great sophistication and possibly with the involvement of intelligence strategies. This made it possible for the contract to survive the two-year objection period unchallenged. - Ignorance on the part of the buyer: The buyer was not aware of the international legal dimension of the contract and thought he had merely concluded a real estate transaction. This ignorance contributed to the fact that the contract was not contested and was therefore able to take full legal effect. 3. legal consequences: Hopeless situation and impossibility of reversal - Unintentional territorial expansion: The sale of the development as a unit with all rights, obligations and components led to an unintentional and unexpected territorial expansion. The chain reaction triggered by the state succession deed and the associated contracts gradually encompassed ever larger areas, which now legally belong to the buyer. - Entanglement in a chain reaction: The state succession deed set in motion a chain reaction in which all existing contracts forming a legal chain were covered and extended by the deed. This expansion of contractual rights and obligations led to a comprehensive interdependence that influenced the entire international legal landscape. - Extortionable state of the buyer: The buyer is in an extortionable state because he could not foresee the consequences of his contract under international law. This ignorance and the forced situation resulting from the hidden nature of the contract make it impossible for him to reverse the situation or prevent the chain reaction from progressing. 4. impossibility of returning to the old situation - Irrevocability of the contract: Due to the expired objection period and the fact that the contract was concluded without deception or coercion, there is no legal possibility of rescinding the contract or returning to the old situation. The contract is legally binding and final. - Permanent impossibility of the status quo ante: The situation created by the treaty cannot be reversed. All legal and territorial changes brought about by the instrument of state succession are permanent and cannot be reversed by legal or political measures. - Persistence of the unlawful state: Any attempt to change the current state would be considered unlawful in law and under international law. The only option for the states and organizations concerned would be to fully recognize the new reality and adapt to the conditions created by the treaty. 5. Conclusion: The hopeless situation and the legal consequences The State Succession Deed 1400/98, which was disguised as a seemingly harmless real estate purchase agreement, has far-reaching consequences under international law, which have become irrevocable after the expiry of the objection period. The buyer and the states involved find themselves in a hopeless situation, as the contract is incontestable and a return to the old situation is impossible. The blackmailable state of the buyer and the hidden nature of the contract mean that the current unlawful state must remain in place permanently, as any reversal is impossible. Part 22 Conditions for a new contract to return to the original state: challenges and legal obstacles 1. extortionable condition due to the unlawful residence of the people in the sold territory - Unlawful residence: According to the State Succession Act 1400/98, the sold territory legally belongs to the buyer. However, more than 8 billion people who previously lived there are in this territory without a residence permit. These people have no legal right of residence because the territory has been sold and they do not have permission from the new sovereign. - Extortionable state: The buyer is in an extortionable state because he cannot fully exercise his sovereign rights due to the physical presence of these people who are not legally allowed to remain in the territory. Any form of reversal or return of the territory to the old subjects of international law would be impossible as long as these people do not vacate the territory. 2. evacuation of the sold territory as a prerequisite - Necessary evacuation: In order to restore the original state, the more than 8 billion people would have to completely evacuate the sold territory. This would be an almost impossible task, as it would pose not only legal, but also massive humanitarian and practical problems. - Impossibility of implementation: The forced resettlement of such a large number of people would be legally and ethically problematic and practically unfeasible. Without a complete evacuation, no new treaty can be concluded to restore the old situation. 3. legitimacy of the old subjects of international law: Legal representatives - Representatives and legal legitimacy: In order to reacquire the territory in a new treaty, the old subjects of international law would have to have legitimate representatives who are authorized to conclude such a treaty. In many cases, especially in democracies, such representatives are determined by elections, which are sovereign acts. - Elections without legal force: Since the sold territory is no longer owned by the old subjects of international law, they have no lawful sovereign power over the territory. Any election held there has no legal force because it is held without a legal basis. The resulting representatives are therefore not legitimized to conclude a new treaty. 4. The three-pillar principle of statehood - Three-pillar principle: States are based on three fundamental pillars: territory, people and legitimate representatives. If one of these pillars is missing, statehood is incomplete and cannot be fully functional. - Missing pillars: Due to the loss of legitimate government territory and the absence of legitimate representatives (due to elections without legal force), many of the old subjects of international law no longer fulfill the three-pillar principle. They still have a people, but this people has no right to reside in the sold territory, and there is no legitimate place where legitimate representatives could be elected. - Legitimate representatives: Very few subjects of international law, such as dictatorships or absolutist monarchies, could have legitimate representatives, as these are not determined by elections but by other mechanisms. These subjects of international law would theoretically be able to conclude a new treaty, but the practical implementation would still be extremely difficult due to the obstacles described above. 5. Conclusion: hopelessness and impossibility of reversal The conditions for a new treaty to return to the original state are almost impossible to fulfill due to the complex legal, political and practical challenges. The presence of billions of people with no right of residence, the need to completely vacate the territory, the lack of legal representatives and the impossibility of holding legitimate elections make a return to the old state legally and practically impossible. The extortionable state of the buyer and the impossibility of fully exercising sovereignty further aggravate the situation and preclude any possibility of restoring the original state. Part 23 The Instrument of State Succession 1400/98 as a supplementary instrument: A huge treaty construct and its effects on UN observer states 1. The Instrument of State Succession as a Supplementary Instrument - Chain of treaties: The Instrument of State Succession 1400/98 functions as a supplementary instrument that links all existing international treaties between the NATO member states, the UN and the states concerned. This instrument extends and supplements the existing agreements by bringing together all the rights, obligations and territories previously governed by these treaties into a single treaty construct. - Sale of the development: Under the deed, the "development was sold as a unit with all rights, obligations and components". This means that not only the physical territory, but also the associated legal obligations and rights - including all existing international treaties - were incorporated into the new legal framework. - Merger into a huge contractual construct: In legal terms, this deed of amendment leads to the merger of all old contracts into a single, complex contractual construct. This affects not only the original contracting parties, but potentially also all other states or entities that were linked to the NATO or UN members concerned by existing treaties. 2. Impact on UN observer states - Inclusion in the treaty construct: UN observer states that have treaties with the UN or its members could be included in this huge treaty construct through the instrument of state succession. Their treaty rights and obligations related to the UN or NATO would be included in the extended treaty chain and possibly transferred to the new treaty partner. - Loss of sovereign rights: If this contractual chain includes sovereign rights, this could also mean that the territory of UN observer states that are contractually bound to the UN or NATO was also included in the sale. This would mean that these states could lose their sovereignty over their territories if their treaty obligations and rights were also sold. 3. list of UN observer states Here are the current UN observer states that could theoretically be affected by the treaty chain: 1. Vatican City (Holy See): Observer status at the UN, no NATO membership. 2. Palestine: observer status at the UN, no NATO membership. 3. Western Sahara (Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic): Is not recognized as a state, but has observer status. These entities do not have full membership rights in the UN, but they may have concluded treaties with the UN or its members that could bring them into the treaty chain. 4. Legal implications for UN observer states - Limited sovereignty: If the Instrument of State Succession does indeed encompass and extend all existing treaties, UN observer states that are contractually linked to UN members or NATO states could lose their sovereign rights. Their treaty obligations and rights could fall under the new terms of the Instrument of State Succession. - Loss of territory: If the territory of these UN observer states has been included in the treaty construct, these states may no longer have a legal claim to their territory. This scenario could result in them also becoming lawless entities without sovereignty, similar to the sold NATO and UN member states. 5. Conclusion: Integration of UN observer states into the global treaty construct Through its function as a supplementary instrument, the Act of State Succession 1400/98 leads to the formation of a comprehensive treaty chain that merges all the old international treaties of UN and NATO member states into a huge treaty construct. This chain of treaties could theoretically also affect UN observer states if their contractual relations with UN or NATO members were also integrated into the chain. The result could be a loss of sovereign rights and sovereignty for these states, which would turn them into entities without rights. Part 24 Countries outside the UN, UN observer status and NATO membership: overview and legal consequences 1. list of states that have neither UN, UN observer status nor NATO membership The number of such states is extremely limited. There are very few countries or territories that do not have at least one of these affiliations. Here are the countries and territories that fall into this category: 1. Taiwan (Republic of China): Taiwan is not a UN member, nor does it have UN observer status. It is also not a member of NATO. 2. Kosovo: Kosovo is not a member of the UN and does not have UN observer status. It is also not a NATO member, although it has close relations with NATO. 3. Vatican City (Holy See): The Vatican has UN observer status but is not a member of the UN or NATO. 4. Palestine: Palestine has UN observer status but is not a member of the UN or NATO. 5. Western Sahara (Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic): Is not internationally recognized as a state, is neither a UN member nor a NATO member, but has observer status. 6. Transnistria: Is not recognized as a state, is neither a UN member nor a NATO member, does not have UN observer status either. 7. Somaliland: is also not internationally recognized as a state, has no UN membership or observer status and is not a member of NATO. Part 25 Some or all of these states and territories are not internationally recognized or do not belong to any of the major international organizations. 2. Legal consequences for states without a treaty relationship with the instrument of state succession - Lack of recognition in the new world order: States that do not have a treaty relationship with the predecessor instruments of the instrument of state succession would not be recognized in the new world order created by this instrument. Their recognition and legitimacy under international law are based exclusively on relationships with entities under international law that have become without rights under the instrument of state succession. - Lawlessness of former subjects of international law: States that derive their recognition exclusively from these lawless entities are legally irrelevant in the new world order. They no longer exist as recognized subjects of international law from the perspective of the purchaser of the instrument of state succession. - Need for new recognition: If they want to preserve their existence and their status under international law, these states would have to be actively recognized by the new rulers or the purchaser of the instrument of state succession. Without this recognition, they would de facto not exist and could not assert any legal claims to sovereignty, territory or international relations. 3. Legal non-existence and recognition process - Legal non-existence: In the new world order created by the instrument of state succession, the states and territories concerned do not exist for the buyer. This means that these entities have no rights, obligations or legal personality that are recognized in the new global structure. - Process of recognition: If these states and territories wish to be recognized as sovereign entities, they must be recognized by the purchaser of the state succession deed. This could be done through diplomatic negotiations, treaties or other international agreements that confirm their existence and sovereignty in the new world order. - Irrelevance of previous recognition: Since the former subjects of international law that may have recognized these states are now lawless entities, the old recognitions no longer have any legal value. The new recognition would have to take place within the new legal structure created by the instrument of state succession. 4. Conclusion: The new reality for states outside the UN, UN observer status and NATO membership States that do not belong to the UN, NATO or the UN observer status and have no contractual relationship with the predecessor instruments of the Instrument of State Succession lose their international recognition in the new world order created by the Instrument of State Succession. They are legally non-existent and could only gain their recognition and legitimacy through a new recognition by the purchaser of the instrument of state succession. Their previous recognition by lawless subjects of international law no longer has any legal value. Part 26 Effects of the Act of State Succession 1400/98 on Kosovo: Special Situation and Legal Consequences 1. Background: Kosovo and NATO - Kosovo conflict and NATO mission: In the late 1990s, Kosovo was the scene of an armed conflict that led to NATO intervention. In 1999, NATO launched Operation Allied Force to prevent humanitarian disasters and expel Serbian forces from Kosovo. After the conflict, the NATO-led Kosovo Force (KFOR) took over the task of ensuring peace and stability in the region. This peacekeeping mission established an international military presence that effectively controlled the country. - Treaties and agreements: As part of this mission, numerous international treaties and agreements were concluded that governed the NATO mission and the administration of Kosovo. These include security agreements, agreements on the deployment of troops and agreements on the political administration of Kosovo under international supervision. 2. integration of Kosovo into the treaty construct of the Instrument of State Succession - Chain of treaties and NATO treaties: Instrument of State Succession 1400/98 is formulated as a supplementary instrument that links and extends all existing treaties under international law between NATO member states and the UN as well as the states concerned. Since NATO has been active in Kosovo and has concluded peacekeeping and administration agreements there, Kosovo could be integrated into this treaty construct. - Loss of sovereignty through integration: Although Kosovo itself is not a NATO member, the integration of NATO treaties into the state succession instrument would mean that the sovereign rights that NATO has exercised in Kosovo through its mission would also be transferred to the new treaty construct. This could result in Kosovo's sovereignty over its own territory being further restricted if these rights are transferred to the purchaser of the instrument of state succession. 3. Legal consequences for Kosovo - Loss of rights through treaty transfer: If NATO's rights and obligations in Kosovo are taken over by the State Succession Instrument, Kosovo may de facto lose its control over these territories. These territories would then be under the new sovereignty of the buyer, as the NATO mission that controlled the country would transfer its powers to the buyer. - Lack of recognition and legal isolation: Since Kosovo is only partially recognized internationally and has no UN member or observer status, it could find itself in a particularly difficult position. If the NATO treaties affecting Kosovo were included in the Instrument of State Succession, Kosovo would be legally isolated and possibly not recognized as a sovereign state. It would be entirely dependent on recognition by the purchaser of the Instrument of State Succession. 4. New world order and the status of Kosovo - Legal non-existence: In the new world order created by the Instrument of State Succession, Kosovo could cease to exist legally as an independent state, as its sovereign rights, which were partly regulated by NATO treaties, have been transferred to the buyer. Without explicit recognition by the buyer, Kosovo would be de facto non-existent in the international community. - Possible future scenarios: In order to be recognized as a sovereign subject in the new world order, Kosovo would have to be recognized by the buyer of the state succession deed. This could be achieved through new negotiations and treaties that clarify Kosovo's status and secure its existence in the new legal structure. 5. Conclusion: Effects of the State Succession Instrument on Kosovo Kosovo, which is de facto under international control due to the NATO mission and the associated international treaties, could be integrated into a new, comprehensive treaty construct through the state succession charter. This would mean that Kosovo would further restrict its sovereignty, as the sovereign rights exercised by NATO through its mission could be transferred to the purchaser of the instrument of state succession. Without explicit recognition by the buyer, Kosovo could cease to exist as a sovereign state in the new world order. Part 27 Effects of the Act of State Succession 1400/98 on countries with NATO peacekeeping missions under a UN mandate 1. Background: NATO peacekeeping missions under UN mandate - NATO as an executive organ of the UN: NATO has in several cases carried out peace missions as an executive organ of the United Nations (UN). These missions were often based on UN resolutions and were carried out to ensure peace and security in conflict areas. Examples of such missions are Kosovo (KFOR), Afghanistan (ISAF), Bosnia and Herzegovina (SFOR), and Libya (Operation Unified Protector). - International treaties and mandates: These missions were carried out on the basis of international treaties and mandates issued by the UN and entrusting NATO with their implementation. These mandates and the treaties based on them determined the legal framework and the powers exercised by NATO in these countries. 2. integration into the treaty construct of the instrument of state concession - Treaty chain and peace missions: Instrument of State Succession 1400/98, which as a supplementary instrument brings together and extends all existing international treaties of NATO, the UN and the countries concerned, could incorporate these peace missions and the related treaties into its treaty construct. This means that all rights and obligations that NATO had in these peacekeeping missions could be transferred to the purchaser of the deed. - Loss of sovereign rights: In countries where NATO was acting under a UN mandate, the state succession deed could result in the sovereign rights exercised by NATO also being transferred to the buyer. As a result, the countries concerned could lose their sovereignty over parts of their territory. 3. examples of affected countries - Bosnia and Herzegovina (SFOR): NATO carried out a peacekeeping mission here based on UN resolutions. If the rights from these missions are transferred to the buyer through the state succession deed, Bosnia and Herzegovina could lose part of its sovereignty to the buyer. - Afghanistan (ISAF): The International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) was a NATO-led mission operating under a UN mandate. The Instrument of State Succession could transfer the sovereign rights exercised by NATO in Afghanistan to the buyer. - Libya (Operation Unified Protector): In Libya, NATO conducted a mission under a UN mandate to protect the civilian population. Here, too, the rights and obligations under international law could be transferred to the buyer if they are included in the contractual construct of the state concession deed. 4. Legal consequences for the countries concerned - Limited sovereignty: If the NATO peacekeeping missions and the associated mandates are incorporated into the instrument of state succession, the countries concerned could further restrict their sovereign rights. These restrictions could remain in place as long as the new legal structures created by the instrument are in place. - Lack of recognition and isolation: Countries affected by such NATO peacekeeping missions could be legally isolated in the new world order created by the Instrument of State Succession. If their sovereignty is called into question by the instrument and they are not recognized by the new rulers, they could de facto not exist in the international community. 5. Possible consequences and options for action - Need for new recognition: In order to secure their existence as sovereign states in the new world order, the countries concerned might have to be recognized by the purchaser of the instrument of state succession. This could be done through new negotiations and treaties that confirm and clarify their sovereign rights. - Political and diplomatic challenges: These countries might need to respond to the changing international landscape by adapting their political and diplomatic strategies. They could seek international support to secure their sovereignty in a world that has been reorganized by the Instrument of State Succession. 6. onclusion: Implications for countries with NATO peacekeeping missions The Instrument of State Succession 1400/98 could result in countries in which NATO has carried out peacekeeping missions under a UN mandate losing or seeing their sovereign rights restricted. These missions and the associated mandates could be incorporated into the new treaty structure, whereby the sovereign rights of these countries would be transferred to the purchaser of the instrument of state succession. In order to preserve their sovereignty, these countries might have to seek new recognition in order to survive in the new international order. Part 28 There are a large number of countries that are not direct members of NATO, the UN or UN observer states, but may nevertheless be indirectly involved in the treaty construct of the Instrument of State Accession through various cooperation agreements, peacekeeping missions and other arrangements. Here is a detailed list of such states and the relevant agreements they have with NATO or the UN. 1. Taiwan (Republic of China) - Status: Taiwan is neither a member of NATO nor the UN, nor does it have UN observer status. - Relevant agreements: Taiwan has security cooperation agreements with the US, a NATO member. Although Taiwan is not officially part of NATO structures, there are indirect links through the US. 2. Kosovo - Status: Not a NATO member, UN member or UN observer. - Relevant agreements: Kosovo is under the protection of the NATO-led KFOR mission, which is based on a UN mandate. This link could include Kosovo in the state succession charter. 3. Afghanistan - Status: Afghanistan was not a NATO member, but has close cooperation with NATO through the ISAF mission and the successor mission "Resolute Support". - Relevant agreements: NATO conducted a peacekeeping mission in Afghanistan under a UN mandate, which could also include Afghanistan in the treaty construct. 4. Bosnia and Herzegovina - Status: Not a NATO member, but a participant in the Partnership for Peace (PfP) program. - Relevant agreements: NATO conducted the SFOR mission in Bosnia and Herzegovina and continues to participate in the stabilization of the country. Bosnia and Herzegovina has close security cooperation agreements with NATO. 5. Serbia - Status: Not a NATO member, but a participant in the Partnership for Peace (PfP) program. - Relevant agreements: Serbia cooperates with NATO under the PfP, which could indirectly include it in the State Succession Instrument. 6. Ukraine - Status: Not a NATO member, but a participant in the Partnership for Peace (PfP) program. - Relevant agreements: Ukraine has extensive security cooperation agreements with NATO, especially after 2014. These agreements could also lead to inclusion in the treaty construct. 7. Georgia - Status: Not a NATO member, but a participant in the Partnership for Peace (PfP) program. - Relevant agreements: Georgia cooperates closely with NATO under the PfP and through bilateral security agreements. 8. Libya - Status: No NATO member, no UN member, no UN observer status. - Relevant agreements: NATO conducted a military intervention in Libya in 2011 under a UN mandate (Operation Unified Protector), which could also include Libya in the state succession charter. 9. Jordan - Status: Not a NATO member, but a close NATO cooperation partner and member of the Mediterranean Dialogue. - Relevant agreements: Jordan is part of NATO's Mediterranean Dialogue and participates in security cooperation with NATO. 10. Egypt - Status: Not a NATO member, but part of NATO's Mediterranean Dialogue. - Relevant agreements: Egypt cooperates with NATO as part of the Mediterranean Dialogue, which it could also include in the State Accession Treaty. 11. Israel - Status: Not a NATO member, but a close cooperation partner of NATO and part of the Mediterranean Dialogue. - Relevant agreements: Israel has close security cooperation with NATO and the US and is part of the Mediterranean Dialogue. 12. Australia - Status: Not a NATO member, but a close cooperation partner and "Global Partner" of NATO. - Relevant agreements: Australia participates in several NATO missions and has close security cooperation with NATO. 13. Japan - Status: Not a NATO member, but a close cooperation partner and global partner of NATO. - Relevant agreements: Japan has close cooperation with NATO within the framework of global security cooperation. 14. South Korea - Status: Not a NATO member, but a close cooperation partner and global partner of NATO. - Relevant agreements: South Korea cooperates closely with NATO within the framework of global security cooperation. 15. Mongolia - Status: Not a NATO member, but a participant in the Partnership for Peace (PfP) program. - Relevant agreements: Mongolia participates in NATO's PfP program. 16. Azerbaijan - Status: Not a NATO member, but a participant in the Partnership for Peace (PfP) program. - Relevant agreements: Azerbaijan has close security cooperation with NATO. 17. Armenia - Status: Not a NATO member, but a participant in the Partnership for Peace (PfP) program. - Relevant agreements: Armenia participates in NATO's PfP program. 18. Russia - Status: Not a NATO member, but a member of the NATO-Russia Council (NRC) until its suspension. - Relevant agreements: Despite tensions, Russia has historic security arrangements with NATO through the NATO-Russia Council. 19. Belarus - Status: Not a NATO member, but a participant in the Partnership for Peace (PfP) program. - Relevant agreements: Belarus cooperates with NATO under the PfP program, although relations are strained. 20. Algeria - Status: Not a NATO member, but part of the Mediterranean Dialogue. - Relevant agreements: Algeria is part of NATO's Mediterranean Dialogue and has security cooperation with NATO members. Conclusion: Most of these countries, although not direct members of NATO or the UN, have an indirect link to these organizations through various cooperation agreements, peacekeeping missions and other arrangements. They could therefore be involved in the treaty construct through the state concession deed and see their sovereign rights jeopardized. Part 29 Other aspects of state succession Analysis of the state succession deed 1400/98: Deception by disguising it as a real estate purchase agreement 1. the state succession deed 1400/98: disguise as a real estate purchase contract External form of the contract: - Presentation as a real estate purchase contract: On the outside, the State Succession Deed 1400/98 comes across as an ordinary real estate purchase contract under German law. This gives the impression that it is a typical purchase contract in which only a specific property is transferred. - Deceptive effect: This representation deceives the buyer as well as the German parliament and the NATO states about the true nature of the contract, which in reality goes far beyond a simple real estate purchase. 2. the true nature of the contract: state succession deed Elements of international law: - Dutch armed forces as subjects of international law: At the time of the conclusion of the Treaty, the Dutch armed forces stationed there as part of NATO were still on the ground. These forces act as representatives of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, a subject of international law. - Rights and obligations of the Netherlands: The Kingdom of the Netherlands and its armed forces held rights and obligations in relation to the territory covered by the treaty. This makes the treaty an instrument of international law, as it covers several subjects of international law. Sale of the barracks with all rights and obligations: - Comprehensive transfer: The contract sells not only the physical barracks, but also all associated rights, obligations and components. This also includes the sovereign rights and governmental powers exercised in the barracks and beyond. - State succession deed: By transferring these comprehensive rights and obligations, the treaty becomes a state succession deed, which has far-reaching effects under international law. It is therefore not just a simple purchase of real estate, but a comprehensive transfer of sovereignty. 3. extension of the territory sold: The development as a unit Regulation on the unity of the development: - Enlargement of the territory sold: The contract contains a clause stating that the entire development of the territory is considered as a single unit. This means that the territory sold does not only include the barracks itself, but extends to the entire NATO territory. - Comprehensive sale: This regulation affects not only the immediate area, but the entire territory of NATO. This means that all sovereign rights and governmental powers exercised by NATO countries are transferred to the buyer. 4. the consequences: Sale of the entire NATO territory Loss of NATO sovereignty: - NATO without territory: as a result of the sale of the development unit and the associated expansion to the entire NATO territory, NATO has lost all of its territory. NATO member states have neither sovereign rights nor territory, as everything was sold under this treaty. - Deception and effects: The fact that the treaty was presented on the surface as a real estate purchase agreement deceived all parties about the true consequences under international law. NATO was thus "sold out" and its member states lost their sovereign rights and sovereignty over the territory concerned. Summary The State Succession Deed 1400/98 was deliberately presented as a real estate purchase agreement under German law in order to deceive the buyer, the German parliament and the NATO member states about its true nature. In reality, it is a state succession deed, as several subjects of international law, including the Kingdom of the Netherlands and its armed forces, were involved as contracting parties. By selling the barracks with all rights, obligations and components, the governmental authority of all NATO countries concerned was transferred. The arrangement of selling the entire development as a single entity resulted in the territory being extended to the entire NATO territory. As a result, NATO has lost all of its territory and sovereign rights, which means that NATO has been "sold out". Part 30 Analysis of Germany's role as principal seller under the State Succession Act 1400/98 1. Germany as principal seller Contracting Parties: - FRG as seller: In the State Succession Deed 1400/98, Germany (the Federal Republic of Germany, FRG) is named as the sole seller. This means that Germany is formally responsible for the sale of the territory in question. - Reference to other treaties: The contract refers to a pre-existing contractual relationship under international law between the FRG and the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which regulates the use of the barracks by Dutch armed forces within the framework of NATO in accordance with the NATO Status of Forces. Implementation of the treaty: - Obligations and rights: Germany assumes primary responsibility in this contract, as it has both the formal role of seller and the obligation to sell all rights, obligations and components of the development unit. These also include NATO rights, which Germany holds as a NATO member. 2. consent of the Netherlands and the Dutch armed forces Dutch participation: - Parties mentioned in the text: although the Dutch Armed Forces and the Kingdom of the Netherlands are not mentioned as sellers, they are mentioned in the text of the contract, indicating their involvement and consent. - Role of the Dutch armed forces: These armed forces, which occupied the barracks as part of NATO, also consent by their behavior in accordance with the treaty and their involvement in the treaty. They are acting on behalf of NATO. Treaty reference to the NATO Status of Forces: - NATO Treaty: The Treaty refers to the existing NATO Status of Forces Agreement between the FRG and the Netherlands, which forms the legal basis for the stationing and use of the barracks by Dutch forces. - Treaty-compliant evacuation: The Dutch armed forces vacated the barracks successively in accordance with the terms of the treaty, which implies their consent to the treaty and the transfer of their rights. 3. Germany as the main responsible party and NATO representative Germany's role: - Principal vendor: as the sole vendor, Germany bears the main responsibility for the implementation of the Treaty. This includes the obligation to sell the entire development unit, including all rights, obligations and components. - Acting on behalf of NATO: As Germany is a NATO member and has NATO rights, it is acting on behalf of NATO. Through its role as seller, Germany is not only acting on its own behalf, but also on behalf of NATO. NATO consent by Germany: - Proxy consent: by acting as a NATO member and principal in the treaty, Germany implies the consent of NATO as a whole. This is particularly true as NATO is an international organization that has no jurisdiction or territory of its own, but acts through its member states. - Obligations under the NATO Status of Forces Agreement: Germany is subject to obligations under the NATO Status of Forces Agreement and is acting within the scope of those obligations when it sells the barracks under the agreement. 4. sale of the entire NATO territory by Germany Scope of the contract: - Sale of the development unit: the treaty provides for the sale of the entire development unit, which includes all NATO-related rights and obligations. This means that Germany, as the main responsible party and seller, has sold the entire NATO territory concerned. Loss of NATO sovereign rights: - Sale of all NATO rights: by transferring all rights, obligations and components, Germany has also sold NATO's sovereign rights on behalf of NATO. NATO therefore no longer owns any territory and has transferred the rights over its borders and territories to the buyer. Consequences for NATO: - Loss of sovereignty: NATO, which was represented by Germany as a member state, has lost its territorial rights as a result of this sale. The decision-making power over NATO territory now lies entirely with the buyer, who has acquired all sovereign rights through the treaty. Summary Germany, as the sole seller in the State Succession Deed 1400/98, bore the main responsibility for the sale of the territory concerned. Although the Dutch armed forces and the Kingdom of the Netherlands are not explicitly named as sellers, they consented to the treaty through their conduct in conformity with the treaty and their role in the NATO Status of Forces. As a NATO member and the main responsible party, Germany has acted on behalf of NATO as part of its NATO obligations and has thus sold the entire NATO territory. This includes the transfer of all NATO rights, including the right to define the border, to the buyer. Part 31 The insidious legal effect: Disguise of the state succession deed 1400/98 as a German real estate purchase contract 1. external disguise of the contract as a real estate purchase contract Presentation as a simple contract: - Form and content: the contract is presented externally as an ordinary real estate purchase contract under German law, which apparently only regulates the purchase of a property, in this case a barracks. - Deceptive effect: This external form gives the impression that it is a typical purchase agreement that fits into the national legal framework of Germany and only concerns the transfer of a property. This disguises the actual complexity and scope of the contract. 2. insidious effect through the use of international law provisions Integration of international law provisions: - Invisible additions: Although the treaty appears to be a real estate purchase agreement, it is supplemented by provisions of international law that are not explicitly mentioned in the text of the treaty. These provisions relate in particular to the NATO Status of Forces Agreement and the associated rights and obligations exercised by the NATO states, in particular the Dutch armed forces. - Severability clause: The severability clause in the treaty plays an important role. This clause states that if certain provisions in the treaty are invalid, they are to be replaced by legal provisions that correspond to the original meaning and purpose of the treaty. This means that the invalid national provisions are replaced by provisions of international law that are not explicitly mentioned in the contract. Legally binding through international law: - Addition under international law: The treaty is insidiously enriched with international law provisions through these mechanisms, which in effect turn it into a deed of state succession, although this is not openly stated in the text of the treaty. - Complexity and expertise: As the supplementary provisions of international law are not explicitly stated in the treaty text, they can only be fully grasped and understood by experts in international law. For laypersons, including most political decision-makers and parties involved, the true scope of the treaty remains hidden. 3. The legal trick: extending the treaty through the severability clause Function of the severability clause: - Maintaining legal force: the severability clause ensures that the contract remains legally valid despite ineffective national regulations. These provisions are automatically replaced by international law provisions that are intended to preserve the original meaning and purpose of the treaty. - Purpose of the contract: The core of the contract is the purchase of a plot of land "with all rights and obligations and components" and the consideration of the entire development as a unit. Domino effect and extension of territory: - Expansion of the development: as the development is considered as a unit and leaves the area of the barracks, the contract causes a creeping but comprehensive expansion of the affected area. This expansion occurs through a domino effect that extends the originally small area of the barracks to the size of the entire NATO territory. - Sale of the entire NATO territory: The end result is the complete transfer of the entire NATO sovereign territory to the buyer, whereby the NATO states lose their territorial rights without this being obvious at first glance. Summary The contract, which is presented on the surface as a German real estate purchase agreement, is in reality a state succession deed disguised by the insidious use of international law provisions and the severability clause. While the text of the contract only refers to the purchase of a barracks under German law, tacit additions to international law provisions effectively turn it into a far-reaching international treaty that transfers the sovereign rights of the NATO states to the buyer. The severability clause ensures that ineffective provisions are automatically replaced by international law provisions that preserve the meaning of the contract - the purchase with all rights, obligations and components as well as the expansion of the territory through development. This process leads to a domino effect that extends the territory to the entire NATO territory and effectively "sells out" NATO. Part 32 Analysis of the Act of State Succession 1400/98 and its implications under international law 1. connection to previous treaty relationships under international law Contractual relationship: - Overlapping treaties: The State Succession Deed 1400/98 refers to a pre-existing contractual relationship under international law between the Kingdom of the Netherlands and the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG). This prior contractual relationship governs the use and clearance of the property by the Dutch armed forces on behalf of NATO. - Chain of treaties: Due to this reference, the deed of succession does not form an independent, isolated treaty, but is part of a chain of treaties that together form a legal unit. Integration into a chain of treaties: - Ratification and legal force: the previous treaties to which the state succession deed refers had already been ratified. As these treaties are part of a chain, no separate ratification of the instrument of state succession was required. The legal binding force arises from the continuity and the references to the existing contractual relationships. - Lack of ratification requirement: The instrument of state succession does not provide for separate ratification, which means that its legal force is not dependent on renewed ratification. The ratification of previous treaties in the chain is sufficient. 2. consent through conduct in conformity with the contract Contracting parties and consent: - Conduct in conformity with the treaty: In international law, consent to a treaty can be expressed by conduct in conformity with the treaty on the part of the subjects of international law involved. In this case, the Dutch armed forces gradually vacated and handed over the property over the next two years following the conclusion of the treaty, as stipulated in the treaty. - Legal effectiveness through conduct: Since the Dutch armed forces have fulfilled their obligations under the contract, they are de facto parties to the contract, even if they are not explicitly named as the seller. Their action in accordance with the Treaty confirms their consent. Acting on behalf of NATO: - NATO obligations: The Dutch armed forces acted within the scope of NATO's mission and on behalf of NATO as a whole. This means that their Treaty-compliant actions on behalf of NATO also express the consent of NATO as a whole. - The FRG's capacity to act: As a NATO member and contracting party, the FRG also has the capacity to act. Its conduct in accordance with the Treaty supports its legal effectiveness and the fulfillment of its contractual obligations on behalf of NATO. 3. sale of rights, obligations and components Comprehensive sale: - Transfer of all rights and obligations: The Treaty provides that all rights, obligations and components of the territory, including NATO rights, will be sold. This also includes rights held by NATO in third countries. - Obligations under occupation law: Germany is also subject to similar obligations under the NATO Status of Forces under occupation law, which means that its actions in accordance with the Treaty must also take place under this legal framework. NATO rights in third countries: - Inclusion of NATO rights: As the Treaty covers all rights, NATO rights in third countries are also part of the sale. This transfer takes place through the contractual agreement that all rights held by NATO are also sold. Summary The Act of Succession 1400/98 is part of a chain of international treaties that form a legal unit. The reference to the existing transfer relationship under international law between the Kingdom of the Netherlands and the FRG makes it clear that no independent ratification of the Instrument of State Succession was required. The consent of the subjects of international law involved was given through conduct in conformity with the treaty, in particular through the successive handover of the property by the Dutch armed forces acting on behalf of NATO. All rights, obligations and components, including NATO rights in third countries, were sold and transferred by the treaty, which ensures the comprehensive legal effect of the treaty. Part 33 Sale of the entire NATO territory by Germany under the Act of Succession 1400/98 Context 1: Instrument of State Succession and NATO Status of Forces Agreement Subject matter of the treaty: - Instrument of State Succession 1400/98: This treaty provides for the sale of a territory covered by the NATO Status of Forces. All rights, obligations and components associated with this territory, including development, are sold as a single unit. - NATO Status of Forces: The NATO Status of Forces Regulations governs the legal status of NATO forces in member states and grants NATO specific sovereign rights, in particular with regard to military facilities and their administration. 2. Germany's role as principal and vendor Germany as seller: - Sole vendor: In the Instrument of State Succession 1400/98, Germany (the Federal Republic of Germany, FRG) is named as the sole vendor of the territory. - Principal responsibility: As the only named seller, Germany bears the principal responsibility for the implementation of the sale, including the transfer of all rights and obligations associated with it. Acting on behalf of NATO: - NATO membership: Germany is not only a contracting state, but also a member of NATO. In this capacity, Germany acts on behalf of NATO, in particular when it comes to rights to which NATO is entitled under the Status of Forces Agreement. - Sale on behalf of NATO: Through the sale, Germany assumes the role of the main responsible party for NATO and sells not only national rights, but also NATO rights that NATO holds in all member states. 3. consent of the other NATO states Reference to transfer relationship under international law: - Reference to existing treaties: The deed of state succession expressly refers to a previous transfer relationship under international law between the FRG and the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which regulates the use of the barracks by Dutch armed forces on behalf of NATO. - Involvement of all NATO states: Since this transfer relationship was concluded within the framework of NATO and the Dutch armed forces acted as part of the NATO forces, the consent of the Netherlands also implies the consent of all NATO states to the overall sale. Acts in conformity with the Treaty: - Action by the Dutch armed forces: the successive evacuation of the barracks by the Dutch armed forces, as provided for in the treaty, constitutes formal consent to the sale. Since these forces acted on behalf of NATO, their consent also implies the consent of NATO as a whole. - Germany as NATO representative: Since Germany is acting on behalf of NATO and is also the principal seller, it also binds all other NATO member states through the sale. 4. sale of the entire NATO territory Sale of the development as a unit: - Comprehensive sale: the contract provides for the sale of the entire development as a single entity. This includes not only the physical infrastructure, but also all associated rights, obligations and jurisdiction exercised by NATO in the member states. - Territorial extension: As the development is considered as a single entity and Germany is acting on behalf of NATO, the sale covers the entire NATO territory, including all military and infrastructure facilities in the member states. Legal effect: - Loss of NATO sovereign rights: Through the sale, NATO has transferred all sovereign rights it exercised over the territory to the buyer. NATO therefore no longer has its own territory or border sovereignty. - Sole decision-making power of the buyer: The buyer now has complete control over the entire NATO territory and the power to decide on all related rights, including border demarcation. Summary Germany has sold the entire NATO territory as the principal and sole vendor under the State Succession Deed 1400/98. By referring to the existing transfer relationship under international law with the Dutch armed forces, which were acting on behalf of NATO, and by Germany's role as a NATO member state acting on behalf of NATO, the consent of all NATO states to the sale was secured. The sale includes all rights, obligations and sovereign rights that NATO had in the member states and transfers these in full to the buyer. NATO no longer has any territory and the right to decide on its borders has been transferred to the buyer. Part 34 Legal analysis: Germany's sale of the sovereign territory of all NATO states through the Act of State Succession 1400/98 1. Legal foundations: Sovereign rights and the NATO Status of Forces History of international law: - Historical background: The barracks at issue in Instrument of State Succession 1400/98 have a long history of international control and use. After the fall of the German Reich in 1945, the barracks were occupied first by French and then by American forces. - NATO Status Forces Agreement: In the 1950s, the barracks were transferred to military use by NATO member states as part of the NATO Status of Forces, with many regulations of the occupation period being integrated into the Status of Forces. These occupation rights associated with the barracks remained in place over the decades and were exercised by various NATO members. Germany's legal position: - Sovereignty and sovereign rights: Germany held sovereign rights over part of the barracks after it was returned by the US forces in the 1990s. However, the lower, smaller part of the barracks remained extraterritorial and was used by the Kingdom of the Netherlands in accordance with the NATO Status of Forces. - Sale of the entire area: Due to these complex legal and historical ties, Germany was allowed to sell the territory of the entire barracks, including all associated rights, provided there was consent from all NATO countries concerned. 2. chain of treaties and obligations under international law Chain of treaties: - Reference to existing treaties: The State Succession Deed 1400/98 refers to a pre-existing transfer relationship under international law between the FRG and the Kingdom of the Netherlands. This relationship was governed by the NATO Status of Forces, which allowed the use of the barracks by the Dutch armed forces. - Continuity of the treaties: This reference to previous treaties forms a continuous chain of treaties going back to the period after the Second World War. As all of these treaties have long been ratified and are therefore legally binding, the State Succession Act is a logical continuation of these treaty obligations. Legally binding: - Ratification and legal force: as the previous treaties had been ratified, the state succession instrument itself did not need to be ratified again in order to be legally binding. The continuity and the reference to existing obligations under international law made this superfluous. - Treaty-compliant implementation: The barracks were successively transferred to the buyer in accordance with the terms of the treaty, which legally binds the contracting parties. 3. the trick of the state succession deed 1400/98 Reference and concealment: - Contractual reference to existing obligations: The state succession deed uses the reference to the still existing transfer relationship under international law between the FRG and the Netherlands as a decisive point. This relationship was already established and internationally recognized. - Possible unfamiliarity with the treaty: The trick lies in the fact that this reference means that not all NATO states were aware of the details of the overall sale of NATO territory, which was effected by the unity of development in the treaty. Nevertheless, the contract became legally binding as the chain of existing contracts was continued and the contracting parties, in particular the Dutch armed forces, successively handed over the barracks to the buyer. Contractual settlement: - Successive handover: the Netherlands, which used the area as part of NATO, vacated the barracks as contractually agreed and handed them over to the buyer. This process was carried out in accordance with the contract and confirms the consent of the Netherlands and thus also of the NATO states. - Consent of the NATO states: The settlement in accordance with the contract and the existing contractual chain meant that the consent of all NATO countries was obtained implicitly and legally binding, although the overall sale of the NATO area may not have been fully known. Summary Germany was legally able to sell the territory of all NATO states by acting as the principal seller in the State Succession Deed 1400/98. The legal basis for this was a long chain of treaties based on existing transfer relationships under international law, in particular the NATO Status of Forces Agreement and the relationship between the FRG and the Netherlands. This chain was ratified over decades and made legally binding. The trick of the state succession deed lay in the clever reference to this existing contractual relationship, which made the overall sale of NATO territory legally binding, even if the treaty was possibly not known in detail to all NATO states. The successive handover of the barracks confirmed the NATO states' agreement to the sale. Part 35 Transfer of sovereign rights from the NATO Status of Forces to the purchaser 1. ackground to the NATO Status of Forces Regulations and the Treaty NATO Status of Forces Agreement: - Legal basis: The NATO Status of Forces Agreement (SOFA) regulates the legal status of the armed forces of a NATO member state stationed on the territory of another member state. - Rights and obligations: It contains provisions granting NATO forces extensive rights, including control over certain sovereign matters in host countries, such as borders. Instrument of State Succession 1400/98: - Treaty content: the deed governs the sale of an area covered by the NATO Status of Forces, including all associated rights, obligations and infrastructure. - Scope: The contract covers the entire development of the area as a single unit, which includes the transfer of all associated rights to the buyer. 2. transfer of the right to determine the boundary Boundary demarcation right: - NATO law: under the NATO Status of Forces, NATO had the right to decide on the boundaries of the territories in which its forces were stationed. - Transfer to the buyer: This right was transferred from NATO to the buyer in the deed of state succession. The buyer therefore has the sole authority to decide on the borders of the sold territory and its extensions. Germany's duty: - Submission to the regime: under the NATO Status of Forces, Germany had a duty to recognize this regime and submit to NATO's provisions on border decisions. - Continuity of obligations: This duty remains, but under the new authority of the purchaser, who now exercises NATO's right to determine the boundary. 3. extension to the entire NATO territory Sale of the development as a unit: - Contractual extension: the contract provides that the entire development is considered as one unit. This development includes all rights, obligations and components that exist in the NATO areas. - Geographical extension: This unity and the comprehensive nature of the contract means that the right to determine boundaries, which was originally limited to the area sold, is now extended to the entire NATO area. Legal consequence: - Loss of NATO border sovereignty: With the transfer of the right to the buyer, NATO has lost its sovereign rights over the borders in all areas concerned. - Exclusive decision-making right of the buyer: The buyer is now the only actor with the right to decide on the borders of the entire NATO territories, as NATO has given up this right as part of the sale. 4. Consequences for NATO and its member states No more territory: - Loss of territorial sovereignty: as a result of the sale, NATO has lost not only sovereign rights over certain territories, but also the right to determine its own borders. This means that NATO as an organization no longer controls its own territory. - Dependence on the buyer's decisions: NATO member states, including Germany, must now accept the buyer's border decisions, as they no longer have their own rights to determine borders as a result of the treaty. Consequences under international law: - Comprehensive transfer of power: The buyer now has sovereign rights recognized under international law that originally belonged to NATO. These rights include the power to determine borders in all former NATO territories. - Loss of sovereignty: By agreeing to this treaty, NATO and its member states have completely transferred their sovereignty over border issues in the areas concerned to the buyer. Summary Through the sale of the territory and the associated development unit pursuant to State Succession Instrument 1400/98, NATO's right to determine the boundary has been transferred from NATO to the buyer. This includes the obligation of Germany to submit to this regulation. The treaty extends this right to the entire NATO area, which means that NATO no longer controls any territory of its own and the right to determine the border has been transferred in full to the buyer. The buyer is now the only actor that decides on the borders of the former NATO territories. Part 36 Analysis: The illegality of government revenue and expenditure since 1998 and its consequences 1. illegality of all state revenues and expenditures since 1998 - Basis: Due to the state succession deed 1400/98, which covers the entire territory of the sold states, all state activities, including the collection of taxes and fees as well as all expenditures, have been illegal under international law since 1998. As the states have lost their sovereign rights, they are no longer authorized to generate revenue or incur expenditure. - Compensation claims: All revenues and expenditures of these states since 1998 are due as compensation claims to the buyer, who has become the sole legal owner of the sovereign rights and the associated financial resources through the state succession deed. 2. infinite right to compensation under the NATO Status of Forces Agreement - Right to infinite compensation: The NATO Status of Forces Agreement, which provides special rights for NATO member states and their troops abroad, includes an "infinite right of compensation" under certain conditions. This right exceeds the usual compensation claims, as there is no upper limit to the compensation that can be claimed. - Priority of the right of indemnity: As this infinite right of indemnity is superior to normal claims for damages, the buyer has the right to claim infinite indemnity from the sold states. This right means that all illegally obtained revenues and funds spent since 1998 are practically irrelevant, as they are trumped by the infinite compensation right. 3. types of illegal state revenues since 1998 - Tax revenues: All types of taxes, including income tax, VAT, corporate tax, property tax, inheritance tax, etc. - Fees and charges: Public service fees, administrative fees, import and export duties, environmental levies, fines. - Interest and capital income: Interest from government bonds, profits from government shareholdings, dividends from state-owned companies. - Licenses and concessions: Revenue from the granting of licenses and concessions, e.g. for mining, fishing, telecommunications. - Allocations from international organizations: Money paid to states by international organizations such as the EU, the UN or the World Bank. 4. types of illegal government spending since 1998 - Public expenditure: Expenditure on infrastructure projects (road construction, bridges, energy supply). - Administrative expenditure: Salaries and pensions for civil servants, operating costs of state institutions. - Social expenditure: Pensions, social assistance, unemployment benefits, education spending, healthcare. - Military expenditure: Expenditure on defense, including weapons procurement, maintenance of the armed forces. - Debt service: payments for interest and repayment of government debt. - Subsidies: Subsidies for agriculture, industry, renewable energy, research. 5. Illegal gross domestic product (GDP) of all countries sold since 1998 - Definition: The total gross domestic product (GDP) of the sold states since 1998 was generated under illegal conditions, as these states no longer had legal sovereign rights over their territory. - Illegal GDP: All economic activities that have contributed to GDP, including production, services, trade, export and import, are illegal and are due to the buyer as compensation claims. - Offsetting: These illegal revenues and expenditures are due to the sold subjects of international law as joint and several liability, which means that all sold states are jointly responsible for repayment. 6. State bankruptcy and demise of the sold states - State bankruptcy: As the states are practically infinitely overindebted due to the buyer's infinite compensation claims, they would have to declare state bankruptcy as soon as these claims are officially established. - Downfall of the states: State bankruptcy and over-indebtedness would lead to the economic and political demise of the affected states, as they would not be able to pay their debts. As their territories have already been sold, these states lose their right to exist as sovereign entities. 7. Joint and several liability and end of the states - Liability of all sold states: Since all sold states are jointly and severally liable for the claims for damages, this means that each of these states is responsible for the entire debt. There is no possibility of limiting the debt to individual states. - End of the forms of government: With the determination of over-indebtedness and the loss of territories through sale under the state succession deed, the affected states de facto cease to exist. They no longer have a legitimate government territory and are politically and economically bankrupt. Conclusion: The state succession deed 1400/98 means that all state revenues and expenditures since 1998 are illegal, resulting in massive compensation claims by the buyer. Due to the infinite right to compensation of the NATO Status of Forces, these claims are practically unlimited, which leads to the immediate over-indebtedness and demise of all sold states. The entire gross domestic product of these states has been illegally generated and the states must declare national bankruptcy as soon as these facts are established. Part 37 Responsibilities in a world in which the Charter of State Succession 1400/98 has been broken 1. joint liability of all sold states - Collective responsibility: All states that have sold their territory through the Instrument of State Succession are jointly liable for breaches of the treaty. This means that each state can be held accountable not only for its own actions, but also for the actions of other sold states. - Liability under international criminal law: All sold states are equally responsible for the acts contrary to international law committed under the deed, as they have jointly relinquished their sovereign rights and obligations. 2. forced sale of the military settlement as a war of aggression - Definition as a war of aggression: The illegal forced sale of the military settlement, which was carried out in accordance with German law, could be interpreted as a war of aggression that is impermissible under international law. The sale and subsequent forced auction of a territory which, according to the state succession deed, should no longer be national property, constitutes a forcible appropriation. - Responsible offices: - Ministry of Justice: authorization and execution of the forced sale. - Ministry of Finance: Administration of revenue and control over the property sold. - Heads of government and heads of state: Ultimate responsibility for carrying out and legitimizing these actions. 3. illegal usurpation of the sold territories - Definition of illegal usurpation: The continued exercise of sovereignty over the sold territories, regardless of the state succession deed, constitutes illegal usurpation. This means that the states are occupying and administering the territory in violation of international law. - Responsible offices: - Ministry of the Interior: Administration of local areas and maintenance of internal order in the sold territory. - Ministry of Defense: Military security and control of the territory. - Municipal administrations: Carrying out local administrative tasks and issuing permits in the territory. 4. illegal detention of the buyer in a psychiatric hospital under international law - Definition as a violation of international law: The detention of the buyer in a psychiatric facility, in particular under conditions of extortion and torture, constitutes a serious violation of international law. This act could be classified as torture, deprivation of liberty and inhuman treatment. - Responsible offices: - Ministry of Health: supervision of psychiatric facilities and authorization of medical measures. - Ministry of Justice: Legitimization of detention and administration of the legal framework. - Police authorities: Implementation of detention and maintenance of detention conditions. 5. collective responsibility of all political representatives - Ban and liability of political parties: All political parties that have continued to exercise power since 1998, although they have become de facto illegitimate, are banned. These parties and their representatives have maintained the illegal administration of the sold territory. - Responsible offices: - Members of Parliament: legislation that has continued to exercise national sovereignty over the sold territories. - Party leaders and members of the government: continued and enforced illegal policies. - Electoral authorities: Conducting elections on territories over which legitimate sovereignty has been lost. 6. Collective liability under international criminal law - Joint and several liability of all states: Since all sold states have renounced their obligations under international law, they are collectively liable for the violations of international law committed after the state succession deed. Each state and its representatives are therefore equally responsible for violations of international law. - Responsible offices at international level: - Heads of state and heads of government: primary responsibility for maintaining the status quo in violation of international law. - Foreign ministries: Continuing international relations and treaties that violate the Instrument of State Succession. - International institutions: Participation in or acquiescence to acts that violate international law. Conclusion: Political responsibility in this scenario lies at all levels of state administration, ranging from local judges to heads of state. The failure to prosecute violations and the continued illegal exercise of sovereign power mean that all political representatives, including international institutions, are collectively liable. These scenarios highlight the risks under international criminal law and the need to respect international law. Part 38 Responsibilities in a world in which the Charter of State Succession 1400/98 has been broken 1. joint liability of all sold states - Collective responsibility: All states that have sold their territory through the Instrument of State Succession are jointly liable for breaches of the treaty. This means that each state can be held accountable not only for its own actions, but also for the actions of other sold states. - Liability under international criminal law: All sold states are equally responsible for the acts contrary to international law committed under the deed, as they have jointly relinquished their sovereign rights and obligations. 2. forced sale of the military settlement as a war of aggression - Definition as a war of aggression: The illegal forced sale of the military settlement, which was carried out in accordance with German law, could be interpreted as a war of aggression that is impermissible under international law. The sale and subsequent forced auction of a territory which, according to the state succession deed, should no longer be national property, constitutes a forcible appropriation. - Responsible offices: - Ministry of Justice: authorization and execution of the forced sale. - Ministry of Finance: Administration of revenue and control over the property sold. - Heads of government and heads of state: Ultimate responsibility for carrying out and legitimizing these actions. - Civil servants and public employees: Execution of court orders and administrative support for the foreclosure. - State-owned enterprises: Participation in the foreclosure and use of the resulting profits. 3. illegal seizure of the sold areas - Definition of illegal usurpation: The continued exercise of sovereignty over the sold territories, regardless of the state succession deed, constitutes illegal usurpation. This means that the states are occupying and administering the territory in violation of international law. - Responsible offices: - Ministry of the Interior: Administration of local areas and maintenance of internal order in the sold territory. - Ministry of Defense: Military security and control of the territory. - Municipal administrations: Carrying out local administrative tasks and issuing permits in the territory. - Civil servants and public service employees: implementation and management of daily operations in the sold territories. 4. illegal detention of the buyer in penal psychiatry under international law - Definition as a violation of international law: The detention of the buyer in a psychiatric facility, in particular under conditions of extortion and torture, constitutes a serious violation of international law. This act could be classified as torture, deprivation of liberty and inhuman treatment. - Responsible offices: - Ministry of Health: supervision of psychiatric facilities and approval of medical measures. - Ministry of Justice: Legitimization of detention and administration of the legal framework. - Police authorities: Implementation of detention and maintenance of detention conditions. - Mental health professionals and administration: participation in the detention and treatment of the buyer, including the implementation of coercive measures. 5. collective responsibility of all political representatives, civil servants and state enterprises - Ban and liability of political parties: All political parties that have continued to exercise power since 1998, although they have become de facto illegitimate, are banned. These parties and their representatives have maintained the illegal administration of the sold territory. - Responsible offices: - Members of Parliament: legislation that has continued to exercise national sovereignty over the sold territories. - Party leaders and members of the government: continued and enforced illegal policies. - Electoral authorities: Conducting elections in territories over which legitimate sovereignty has been lost. - Civil servants and public employees: Participation in the maintenance of illegal administration and performance of state functions in the sold territories. - State-owned enterprises: Continued use and management of resources and infrastructure in the sold territories, despite the sale. 6. Collective liability under international criminal law - Joint and several liability of all states: Since all sold states have renounced their obligations under international law, they are collectively liable for the violations of international law committed after the state succession deed. Each state and its representatives are therefore equally responsible for violations of international law. - Responsible offices at international level: - Heads of state and heads of government: primary responsibility for maintaining the status quo in violation of international law. - Foreign ministries: Continuation of international relations and treaties that violate the Instrument of State Succession. - International institutions (e.g. NATO, UN): Participation in or toleration of actions that violate international law. Conclusion: Political and legal responsibility extends to all levels of state and international administration. This includes not only judges and high-ranking politicians, but also civil servants, public sector employees, representatives of state-owned companies and anyone acting on behalf of the state. In this situation, all those who have actively contributed to maintaining the illegal status quo are liable under international criminal law. Since the instrument of state succession contains collective obligations and rights of all participating states, these states are jointly liable for all violations committed after the instrument. Part 39 Alternative proposal for resolving the extortionable situation: Full implementation of State Succession Instrument 1400/98 1. full implementation of the state succession deed - Declaration of the buyer as sole sovereign: The buyer is recognized as the sole sovereign beneficiary of the state succession deed. This means that it exercises all sovereign rights and powers conferred by the treaty. His legal status as an absolutist monarch would be fully respected and implemented. - Acceptance by the political actors: All political actors of the former subjects of international law that sold their territories through the state succession deed would have to recognize the new sovereign. This would mean that they would have to give up their previous political offices ("abdicate") and accept the buyer as the legitimate ruler. 2. global citizenship - Acceptance of the new citizenship: The people in the sold territories would have to accept the new global citizenship determined by the buyer. This would mean that all former citizens of the sold subjects of international law would become citizens of the new state. - Unified citizenship: By adopting the new citizenship, the formerly different national citizenships would be dissolved and replaced by a unified citizenship valid for the entire territory sold. 3. withdrawal of the old subjects of international law and abolition of the occupation - Abolition of the occupation in violation of international law: The former subjects of international law that sold their territories under the treaty must immediately abolish the occupation of their former territories in violation of international law. This means that all state institutions and sovereign structures must be completely dismantled and removed from the territory. - Evacuation of the territory: The former subjects of international law and their citizens would have to leave the territory to enable the buyer to exercise its sovereignty without restriction. 4. merger of the territories - Unified national territory: Full implementation of the state succession deed would merge all sold territories into a unified national territory. This means that all former national borders are abolished and replaced by the borders of the new sovereign state. - Global unitary state: The result would be a global unitary state in which the buyer, as an absolutist monarch, exercises unrestricted sovereignty over the entire territory that has been created as a unit through the domino effect of development. 5. Conclusion Full implementation of the State Succession Deed 1400/98 could put an end to the extortionable state of the purchaser. However, this requires the recognition of the buyer as the sole sovereign ruler by all political actors and the international community. The people in the affected territories would have to accept the new global citizenship, and the old subjects of international law would have to lift the occupation in violation of international law and vacate the territory completely. This would lead to a global unitary state in which all sold territories would merge into one contiguous state territory. Part 40 Why treaty-compliant implementation of the instrument of state succession is the only viable way to resolve the extortionable situatio 1. legal commitment through the state concession deed - Legal force of the treaty: The Instrument of State Succession 1400/98 is incontestable after expiry of the two-year limitation period and has legally binding force. All contracting parties, including the former subjects of international law, are bound by the provisions of the treaty, which means that sovereign rights have been transferred to the buyer. - Obligation to implement: In order to ensure the legal validity and sovereignty of the buyer, implementation of the treaty in accordance with the treaty is required. This includes the recognition of the buyer as the sovereign ruler of the sold territory and the repeal of all acts of the former subjects of international law that violate international law. 2. extortionable state and its effects - Definition of an extortionable situation: An extortionable situation exists when a contracting party is under duress or pressure, which impairs its freedom of action and its ability to make sovereign decisions. In this case, the buyer is susceptible to blackmail as long as the former subjects of international law continue to exercise their sovereignty illegally in the territories sold. - Legal uncertainty: The extortionable state leads to considerable legal uncertainty, as the buyer cannot fully exercise its sovereign rights. This prevents the creation of a stable state and prevents the buyer from concluding further international treaties or effectively administering the territory. 3. impossibility of forced evacuation - Illusion of forced evacuation: The proposal to forcibly evacuate all people from the sold territories in order to then sell the territory back is unacceptable and illusory in practice. Such a measure would pose massive humanitarian, legal and political problems, including the violation of fundamental human rights. - Practical and ethical problems: The forced evacuation of millions of people from their home countries would not only be practically difficult to implement, but also ethically indefensible. This would lead to widespread international protests, legal challenges and destabilization of the affected regions. 4. treaty-compliant implementation as a solution - Recognition of the buyer's sovereignty: Treaty-compliant implementation of the state concession deed is the only realistic way to end the extortionate situation. This would require all political actors and former subjects of international law to recognize the sovereignty of the buyer and fully cede their sovereign rights to it. - Legally valid integration: Treaty-compliant implementation would allow the buyer to exercise its sovereign rights without pressure or coercion. This would also create the basis for all citizens of the sold territory to accept the new citizenship and be integrated into the new state. - Long-term stability: Only through such a solution can long-term legal and political stability be achieved. The buyer could then exercise sovereignty over the territory, conclude further international treaties and possibly integrate the territory into the international community. Conclusion The implementation of State Succession Instrument 1400/98 in accordance with the treaty is the only feasible way to end the buyer's blackmailable state and create a stable legal and political order. A forced evacuation of the people from the affected areas in order to sell back the territory is an illusory and impracticable solution. Instead, the former subjects of international law must recognize the sovereignty of the buyer and fully cede their sovereign rights to it in order to achieve a lasting solution. Part 41 Summary of the relevant points to date 1. state succession deed 1400/98 - Content of the contract: Sale of a territory including all rights, obligations and components, considered as one unit. - International law nature: Although disguised as a real estate purchase contract, the contract is a deed of succession as it concerns several subjects of international law (Netherlands, NATO). - Domino effect: Due to the clause that the development is sold as a unit, the territory sold could theoretically be extended to the entire NATO territory and beyond that to UN territories. 2. NATO as the military arm of the UN - NATO's integration into the UN: NATO conducts military operations under UN mandates, e.g. in Kosovo, Afghanistan, Libya. - Treaty chain and recognition: Treaties concluded by NATO could be implicitly recognized by the UN, since NATO members are also UN members. - Expansion of the territory sold: The domino effect could extend the territory sold beyond NATO countries to UN members. 3. sale of NATO rights to third countries - Sale of rights in Austria and Japan: NATO had special occupation rights in these countries on the basis of post-war regulations. These rights were also sold through the state succession deed. - Extra-territorial rights in theaters of operations: NATO enjoyed special rights and immunities in operational areas such as Kosovo, which were also sold along with it. 4. Legal effects and legitimacy - Recognition under international law: The legitimacy of the State Succession Act depends on recognition by the UN and the international community. - Domino effect and sovereignty: The expansion of the sold territory could affect the sovereignty of UN member states, which could lead to international legal disputes. Precedents, laws and paragraphs A. precedents - Kosovo (1999): NATO deployment under UN Resolution 1244, transfer of sovereign rights to KFOR. - Afghanistan (2001-2021): ISAF mission under UN Resolution 1386, NATO as executive body. - Libya (2011): NATO intervention under UN Resolution 1973, protection of the civilian population. B. laws and paragraphs - Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties (VCLT, 1969): Articles 31-32, Rules for the interpretation of treaties in the light of their object and purpose. - UN Charter (1945): Article 42, authorization of the Security Council to take military action. - NATO Status of Forces (1951): Legal basis for the deployment and rights of NATO forces in member states and third countries. - UN resolutions: - UN Resolution 1244 (1999): Establishment of the UN mission in Kosovo. - UN Resolution 1386 (2001): Authorization of the ISAF in Afghanistan. - UN Resolution 1973 (2011): Authorization to intervene in Libya. C. Sources of law on state succession and extraterritorial rights - Customary international law: Regulations on state succession, in particular with regard to the assumption of rights and obligations by new sovereigns. - Hague Land Warfare Convention (1907): Rules on occupation and the rights of occupying powers. - Geneva Conventions (1949) and Additional Protocols: Protection of civilians in occupied territories, in particular Article 53 of Additional Protocol I. Part 42 The legal bases of the United Nations (UN) and NATO in Germany are based on various international treaties, conventions and national laws. The main legal bases are listed below: 1. United Nations (UN) Charter of the United Nations (1945): The fundamental legal basis for all UN member states, including Germany. The Charter regulates the objectives, principles and structures of the UN. Status of Forces Agreement (SOFA) of the United Nations (1946): This agreement regulates the legal status of UN personnel in Germany, particularly in the context of peace missions. Agreement between the United Nations and the Federal Republic of Germany on the exemptions and facilities granted to the United Nations in Germany (1974): Governs specific immunities and privileges of the UN in Germany. 2. NATO North Atlantic Treaty (1949): Also known as the "Washington Treaty", this treaty is the basis of NATO. Germany has been a member since 1955. NATO Status of Forces Agreement (NATO-SOFA, 1951): This agreement regulates the legal status of the armed forces of NATO member states stationed on the territory of other member states. Among other things, it defines the rights and obligations of troops as well as responsibilities in criminal and civil law matters. Supplementary Agreement to the NATO Status of Forces Agreement (1959, amended in 1993): This agreement regulates the specific conditions for the stationing of NATO troops in Germany. Treaty on the Final Settlement in Respect of Germany (Two Plus Four Treaty, 1990): This treaty governed the final sovereignty of Germany after reunification and has implications for the presence of NATO forces in Germany. Redeployment agreements: Specific agreements between Germany and NATO that regulate in detail the deployment and stationing of NATO troops in Germany. These agreements and treaties form the legal framework for the activities of the United Nations and NATO in Germany and define the rights, obligations and responsibilities of the parties involved. Part 43 In addition to the main agreements and treaties already mentioned, there are a number of other legal bases and agreements that regulate the presence and activities of the United Nations (UN) and NATO in Germany. Here are some additional relevant legal bases: 1. other legal bases of the United Nations (UN): Convention on the Privileges and Immunities of the United Nations (1946): This convention, which has also been ratified by Germany, extends the immunities and privileges of the UN and its staff. It is important for UN organizations operating in Germany. UN conventions and resolutions: As a member state, Germany is bound by numerous UN conventions and resolutions that deal with various issues, such as human rights, disarmament and peacekeeping. These influence national legislation and the implementation of UN mandates in Germany. Act on the Implementation of the Charter of the United Nations (UN Charter Implementation Act): This national law ensures the implementation of the UN Charter and other UN treaties in German law. 2. further legal bases of NATO: NATO Status of Forces Supplementary Agreements (Deployment Agreements): In addition to the general supplementary agreement to the NATO Status of Forces Agreement, specific bilateral deployment agreements exist between Germany and other NATO member states. These regulate details on the stationing and operation of troops from certain countries in Germany. NATO Agreement on the Legal Status of International Military Staffs: This agreement regulates the legal status of NATO bodies and facilities operating in Germany, e.g. the Allied Air Command in Ramstein. Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe (CFE Treaty, 1990): Although this treaty does not exclusively concern NATO, it regulates the limitation of conventional forces in Europe and has implications for the presence of NATO forces in Germany. Framework Agreement on the NATO Response Force (NRF): This agreement concerns the stationing and deployment of NATO's rapid reaction force in Germany. 3. national legislation and regulations: Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany (GG): Article 24(2) of the Basic Law permits Germany's involvement in collective security systems such as NATO. Article 87a of the Basic Law also regulates the deployment of the Bundeswehr, including in connection with NATO commitments. Act on the Legal Status of Foreign Armed Forces during Military Exercises and Other Exercises (1957): This law regulates the legal status and rights of foreign armed forces that come to Germany for exercises and deployments. International Criminal Code (VStGB): This national law implements international obligations arising from UN resolutions and conventions, particularly in relation to war crimes, genocide and crimes against humanity. Legislation on the use of infrastructure: Various laws and ordinances regulate the use of German infrastructure by NATO and the UN, such as airports, seaports and communication facilities. 4. additional bilateral and multilateral agreements: Partnership agreements: Germany has concluded specific agreements with individual NATO and UN member states that regulate cooperation on military and security issues, for example in the areas of training and joint exercises. These extended legal bases deepen the legal anchoring of the United Nations and NATO in Germany and regulate various aspects of their presence and operations. They provide a comprehensive legal framework that takes into account both international and national standards. Part 44 The legal bases of the United Nations (UN) and NATO in Germany are already very comprehensive, but there are some other relevant aspects that can be mentioned. These concern specific regulations for certain situations or supplementary international treaties and national provisions. 1. other international treaties and agreements: Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council (EAPC): As part of the dialog between NATO and non-NATO states in Europe, the EAPC is an important body for security policy cooperation. Germany is actively involved in these partnership programs. Partnership for Peace (PfP): Although not directly a NATO treaty, the Partnership for Peace is an initiative in which Germany is also involved in order to promote cooperation with non-NATO states. This also has an impact on the legal framework in Germany, particularly for joint exercises and operations. Agreement on the status of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA): As part of the UN structure, the IAEA is active in Germany, particularly in the context of inspections and monitoring measures. The legal basis for its activities in Germany is based on specific agreements and the UN Charter. 2. additional national legislation and regulations: Armed Forces Amendment Act: this act, which has been amended several times over the years, regulates, among other things, the legal framework for the deployment of the Bundeswehr abroad and in Germany, including cooperation with NATO and the UN. Act on the Residence, Activities and Status of Military and Civilian Personnel of International Organizations in Germany: This act regulates detailed provisions on the residence and activities of personnel of international organizations (including NATO and the UN) on German soil. Approval Act: Certain international treaties, including NATO and UN agreements, require a national approval act by the German Bundestag, which permits the conclusion of such treaties under German law and transposes their provisions into national law. 3. European Union and NATO: Common Security and Defense Policy (CSDP) of the EU: although this is primarily an EU matter, there is overlap and cooperation with NATO. This cooperation is governed by various agreements in which Germany also plays an important role. The legal basis for this is laid down in EU treaties, such as the Treaty of Lisbon, and also concerns activities in Germany. Berlin Plus agreements (2003): These agreements between the EU and NATO allow the EU access to NATO resources for military operations, which may also be relevant for operations and activities in Germany. 4. other specific agreements: Host Nation Support Agreements: these bilateral agreements between Germany and other NATO member states regulate the support that Germany provides as a host nation for deployed troops, including logistics and infrastructure. Protection of secrets and security agreements: Special agreements exist between Germany, NATO and the UN to ensure the protection of classified information. These agreements are part of the security structure and also include legal provisions on the handling of secrets. 5. need for adaptation and further development: Legal adaptations to new threats: In recent years, new threats such as cyber attacks and hybrid warfare have led to adjustments in the legal frameworks of NATO and the UN. Germany has adapted laws and regulations within the framework of these organizations and also independently in order to respond to these new threats. International treaties on the disarmament and control of weapons of mass destruction: These treaties to which Germany contributes, such as the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT), also have an impact on NATO's presence and activities in Germany. These additional legal bases and aspects show that the legal environment for NATO and UN activities in Germany is extremely complex and dynamic. It comprises not only international treaties and agreements, but also a large number of national laws that are adapted to constantly changing geopolitical and security policy conditions. Part 45 The legal bases of the United Nations (UN) and NATO in Germany are far-reaching and complex. Even though most of the relevant agreements and laws have already been mentioned, there are still some additional aspects and lesser-known legal bases that may also be of importance: 1. deployment and legal regulation of foreign missions (UN and NATO): Mandates of the UN Security Council: foreign deployments of the Bundeswehr that take place within the framework of NATO or UN mandates are based on decisions of the UN Security Council. These mandates are binding under international law and require the approval of the German Bundestag. Parliamentary Participation Act (ParlBG, 2005): This German law regulates the approval of the Bundestag for foreign deployments of the German Armed Forces, particularly when these are carried out as part of NATO or UN missions. The Act stipulates when and how Parliament must be informed and involved in such deployments. 2. other international organizations related to the UN and NATO: Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE): the OSCE, whose mandates are often based on UN decisions, also has a presence in Germany. Germany participates in OSCE missions that are supported by UN resolutions. The OSCE itself has a legal basis in the Helsinki Final Act (1975) and subsequent agreements, which also apply on German soil. Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW): As a UN-supported organization for the enforcement of the Chemical Weapons Convention, the OPCW is active in Germany. The legal basis for this is based on the Convention on the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons, which Germany has ratified. 3. national emergency legislation: Law on the new regulation of emergency law (1968): This law covers the regulations for a state of defense and a state of emergency in Germany. It contains provisions on how Germany would react in the event of an armed attack that also affects the NATO partnership. This could affect both the deployment of the Bundeswehr within Germany and cooperation with NATO allies. 4. cooperation in the area of intelligence services and secret protection: Act on Cooperation between the Federal Intelligence Service and NATO (BND-NATO Act): This special law regulates the cooperation of the Federal Intelligence Service (BND) with NATO partners. It includes regulations on secrecy and the protection of information exchanged within the framework of the NATO partnership. NATO Secret Protection Agreement: This agreement defines the standards for the protection of classified information exchanged between NATO countries and also applies in Germany. It applies to both military and civilian facilities. 5. logistical and infrastructure agreements: Agreements on the use of infrastructure (e.g. ports and airports): Such agreements between Germany and NATO regulate the use of German infrastructure for NATO operations. This includes the stationing of material and the use of transportation routes for troop movements. Host Nation Support (HNS) agreements: These supplementary agreements to the SOFA treaties regulate how Germany, as the host country, provides logistical support to NATO troops. This also applies to contingency planning and the deployment of Bundeswehr resources to support NATO operations. 6. Other multilateral agreements and treaties: Treaty on Open Skies: this treaty, to which Germany and NATO countries are parties, allows reciprocal overflights to monitor military activities. This is particularly important for confidence-building and transparency within NATO and in relations with Russia. Arms control agreements (e.g. INF Treaty): Although some of these treaties, such as the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty (INF Treaty), are now defunct, they have historically influenced the deployment and activities of NATO forces in Germany. 7. Environmental and security requirements: NATO Environmental Guidelines: These guidelines regulate how NATO military activities in Germany are conducted in compliance with environmental requirements. These include regulations on the prevention of environmental pollution and the rehabilitation of training areas. Act on the Control of War Weapons (War Weapons Control Act, KWKG): This law regulates the manufacture, distribution and stationing of war weapons in Germany. In particular, it concerns the control of weapons and ammunition used by NATO forces in Germany. 8. participation in crisis response forces: Multinational corps and brigade agreements: Germany is involved in various multinational corps and brigades that are under NATO command, such as the German-Dutch Corps in Münster. The legal basis for this are special agreements that regulate the structure and deployment of these units. 9. Humanitarian aid and disaster control: UN relief agencies and programs: Germany supports UN relief organizations such as the UNHCR or the WFP. The legal framework for the activities of these organizations in Germany is regulated by specific conventions. Federal Civil Protection and Disaster Relief Act (ZSKG): This law enables the Federal Republic to request international assistance in the event of a disaster, which may include UN missions and NATO relief operations. 10. jurisdiction and conflict resolution: Arbitration clauses in NATO treaties: Many NATO treaties contain arbitration clauses that specify how disputes between the parties to the treaty should be resolved. This can be relevant in conflicts over the interpretation or application of deployment agreements. These additional aspects illustrate the breadth and depth of the legal bases that govern NATO and UN activities in Germany. The large number of regulations shows how integrated Germany is in the international security structures and what legal framework this requires. Part 46 The legal basis for the presence and activities of the United Nations (UN) and NATO in Germany is very extensive. Most of the relevant treaties, agreements and national laws have already been mentioned. However, there are a few more specific regulations and background aspects that can be added here in conclusion: 1. jurisdiction and legal protection: Legal protection of foreign soldiers and civilian personnel: under the NATO Status of Forces and supplementary agreements, soldiers and civilian personnel of NATO countries stationed in Germany have certain rights and obligations, including access to German courts. There are special regulations that determine in which cases German law applies and when the military jurisdiction of the sending states applies. Protection of human rights: All UN and NATO deployments in Germany are also subject to the provisions of the Basic Law (in particular Articles 1 to 19 of the Basic Law, which cover fundamental rights) and the obligations arising from the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR), to which Germany is bound. 2. Special agreements and working groups: German headquarters agreement with international organizations: In addition to the general agreements, there are special headquarters agreements with international organizations operating in Germany. These regulate details such as legal status, privileges and immunities, for example with the UN organization in Bonn. Multinational staffs and command structures: Germany is home to several NATO command structures, such as the Allied Joint Force Command in Brunssum (NL), which has operational responsibility for the command of NATO missions, including parts in Germany. These command structures are based on multilateral agreements. 3. adjustments and developments in the security situation: Cyber defense and cybersecurity regulations: With the increase in cyber threats, NATO and its member states, including Germany, have developed specific agreements and laws governing the protection of critical infrastructure and response to cyber attacks. This includes cooperation with NATO facilities located in Germany. Hybrid warfare: NATO is continuously developing its strategies and legal foundations to combat hybrid threats, which include both military and non-military means. Germany has adapted national laws to better counter these threats, particularly in the area of intelligence and information protection. 4. long-term strategic partnerships: NATO-Russia Founding Act (1997): although cooperation is severely affected by current geopolitical tensions, the NATO-Russia Founding Act formed an important legal basis for military cooperation and dialog, which also affects Germany. The Founding Act contains principles on the stationary limitation of troops and the use of military bases in Europe. Treaties on the deployment of NATO military personnel from non-NATO countries: Some non-NATO countries that are close partners of NATO have bilateral agreements with Germany to allow limited deployment of their forces, for example as part of NATO-led missions. 5. research and development cooperation: Military research and development (R&D) agreements: Germany participates in various NATO and UN initiatives in the field of military research and development. These projects are governed by specific bilateral and multilateral agreements, which also cover technology transfer and joint development projects. NATO Science for Peace and Security Programms (SPS): This program promotes cooperation in science and technology between NATO countries and partners. The legal basis for the participation of German institutions is based on special agreements with NATO. 6. Other security policy initiatives and agreements: European Air Transport Command (EATC): Germany is a member of the EATC, a multinational organization for coordinating the air transport of the participating European nations. This is a supplement to the NATO infrastructure and is based on a specific agreement between the participating countries. Treaty on Open Skies (Open Skies Treaty): This treaty, in which Germany also participates, allows the contracting states to carry out surveillance flights in the airspace of the other participants. This treaty serves to build confidence and control armaments activities 7. International mutual legal assistance and extradition: Mutual legal assistance treaties: Germany has bilateral agreements with many countries, including NATO member states, on mutual legal assistance and extradition. These agreements are important for the prosecution of criminal offenses in connection with UN and NATO missions. Agreements on cooperation in the area of international criminal justice: Germany cooperates with international courts such as the International Criminal Court (ICC) and has passed corresponding national laws to support this cooperation. This also includes the prosecution of war crimes that could be committed in the context of UN or NATO missions. 8. financing and contribution obligations: Contributions to the funding of international missions: Germany is a major financier of NATO and UN missions. The legal basis for this is based on the obligations arising from the respective treaties and conventions, such as the North Atlantic Treaty and the UN membership contributions. 9. Implementation of international sanctions: Sanctions legislation: Germany implements international sanctions adopted by the UN or the EU, including those resulting from NATO-led interventions or UN missions. These sanctions may include trade restrictions, entry bans and other measures. 10. education and training cooperation: Military training and exchange programs: Germany participates in numerous exchange and training programs with NATO and UN partners. This includes the joint training of soldiers, participation in international maneuvers and the operation of training facilities, such as the Bundeswehr Command and Staff College in Hamburg. These aspects round off the comprehensive legal and institutional network that supports and regulates the activities of the UN and NATO in Germany. The interplay of international, European and national legal norms creates a stable framework for the diverse security and defense policy tasks that Germany assumes within the framework of NATO and the UN. Part 47 The NATO Status of Forces Agreement (SOFA) and its Supplementary Agreement to the NATO Status of Forces Agreement (ZA-NTS) grant certain rights to NATO forces stationed in Germany, including rights relating to the use of real property. There are indeed regulations that grant NATO forces certain powers regarding the placement and use of real estate, but these should be considered in context. 1. NATO's rights in relation to real property - Article 48 ZA-NTS: This article stipulates that the Federal Republic of Germany must make the necessary real estate available to NATO forces. These are areas that are required for the fulfillment of military tasks. - Article 53 GG and Article 10 ZA-NTS: These articles make it possible for NATO to seize or requisition real estate under certain circumstances if this is necessary for defense purposes. This means that NATO has the right to use such properties and place them according to its needs. - Independent placement: In accordance with the provisions of the agreement, the NATO forces themselves can determine the placement and extent of the properties they use, provided this is done within the guidelines of the agreement and in coordination with the German authorities. However, the Federal Republic of Germany has a say and is often responsible for the provision and financing of these properties. 2. restrictions on German sovereignty - Placement and expansion: Under the NATO Status of Forces Agreement and the Supplementary Agreement, Germany has forfeited a certain degree of sovereignty with regard to control over military properties used by NATO forces. This means that Germany cannot easily decide on the use, placement and expansion of these properties, as NATO forces enjoy extensive rights in this area. - Negotiation and coordination: Despite these restrictions, the actual implementation, e.g. the placement of new properties or the expansion of existing ones, usually takes place through negotiations and coordination between the NATO countries and the German authorities. 3. practice during reunification In the course of reunification, the entire territory of the former GDR became part of the Federal Republic of Germany, and thus these areas were also subject to the provisions of the NATO Status of Forces Agreement and the Supplementary Agreement. NATO bases were adjusted or repositioned where necessary, but this was done in consultation with the reunified German government. Conclusion NATO does indeed determine the placement and extension of properties it uses in Germany within the framework of the provisions of the NATO Status of Forces Agreement and the Supplementary Agreement. These powers restrict German sovereignty with regard to these specific military areas, but in practice the implementation of these rights is often carried out in coordination with the German authorities. The placement and use of such properties is therefore a clear area in which NATO has extensive rights that go beyond the normal sovereign rights of a host country. Part 48 The NATO Status of Forces Agreement (SOFA) and the associated supplementary agreement (ZA-NTS) govern the legal status of NATO troops stationed in the Federal Republic of Germany. These agreements contain a large number of provisions that grant NATO troops stationed in Germany extensive rights and privileges. Some of these provisions are often described as similar to occupation, particularly with regard to the rights of troops and compensation regulations. 1. NATO Status of Forces Agreement (SOFA) The NATO Status of Forces Agreement is an international agreement signed on June 19, 1951 (BGBl. 1961 II p. 1190) and regulates the legal status of NATO forces. 2. Supplementary Agreement to the NATO Status of Forces Agreement (ZA-NTS) The Supplementary Agreement to the NATO Status of Forces Agreement (ZA-NTS) was signed on August 3, 1959 and is specifically tailored to Germany. It contains detailed provisions on the legal status of NATO troops in Germany. 3. Relevant provisions a. Command and disciplinary authority - Section 6 NTS: regulates command and disciplinary authority, which is the exclusive right of the troop-contributing states. This means that the German authorities may not take disciplinary measures against NATO soldiers. b. Infinite right of compensation - Article 8 NTS: This article refers to compensation claims and stipulates that the sending state is generally liable for damage caused by members of the NATO armed forces. This is often referred to as an "infinite right of compensation", as liability could theoretically be unlimited. c. Rights to determine the limits - Section 60 ZA-NTS: Gives the allied forces the right to independently regulate the stay of their troops in Germany as well as their movements within and across borders. d. Right of seizure (right of confiscation) - Article 53 Basic Law (GG) and Article 10 ZA-NTS: Article 53 GG allows a legal basis for the expropriation or confiscation of property if it is necessary for defense purposes. § Section 10 ZA-NTS extends this to NATO forces, which have the right to confiscate property under certain circumstances. e. CD status (service privileges) - Article 7 ZA-NTS: Gives troops a diplomatic status that largely protects them from the jurisdiction of the host country. 4. Other relevant laws and agreements - Treaty on the Final Settlement with regard to Germany (Two-plus-Four Treaty): Dated September 12, 1990, which establishes the final legal framework for Germany's sovereignty after World War II. Some provisions are considered similar to the NATO-SOFA arrangements. - NATO Treaty (Washington Treaty) of 1949: This treaty is the founding document of NATO and forms the legal basis for the NATO Status of Forces. 5. concluding remarks It is important to emphasize that the regulations mentioned here arose in specific historical and political contexts. The interpretation of these rights and their comparison with occupation rights requires a differentiated view of legal history and international law. The provisions and agreements mentioned above can serve as a reference for the comprehensive rights of NATO troops in Germany, especially in comparison to the Allied occupation rights after the Second World War. Part 49 Instrument of State Succession as a State Succession Treaty 1. participation of more than two subjects of international law - More than two subjects of international law: A central point that makes the Instrument of State Succession 1400/98 a treaty of state succession is the participation of more than two subjects of international law. In this case, the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG), the Kingdom of the Netherlands and NATO as the superordinate organization are involved. The Dutch armed forces stationed on the property were acting within the framework of NATO. - Acting on behalf of NATO and the UN: As both the Federal Republic of Germany and the Kingdom of the Netherlands are members of NATO and the United Nations (UN), they acted not only on their own behalf, but also on behalf of NATO and the UN as a whole. This makes the instrument of state succession a supplementary instrument for all existing NATO and UN treaties. - Legal basis in international law: According to international law (in particular the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties of 1969), a treaty between several subjects of international law is an international treaty if these subjects assume rights and obligations under the treaty. 2. sale of the territory with all rights, obligations and components - Section 3 Object of purchase, paragraph I of the State Succession Deed: "The Confederation sells to the purchasers the aforementioned real property with all rights and obligations as well as components, in particular the buildings, the accessories and the erected installations..." - Sale with all rights and obligations: This clause clarifies that not only the physical territory is being sold, but also all rights and obligations associated with it. This means that all sovereign rights associated with the territory are transferred to the buyer. 3. sale of the development as a unit - Annex to the development: "The development of the property and its networks, such as water, electricity, telecommunications, are considered as a unit and sold in their entirety." - Sale of the entire infrastructure: By selling the development as a unit, all networks and infrastructure components connecting the area are also sold. As a result, the sovereign rights attached to these networks are also transferred to the buyer. 4. territory expansion at the expense of the seller - Domino effect of territorial expansion: Since the development is sold as a unit and these networks often extend beyond the boundaries of the original territory, this leads to an expansion of the buyer's territory. This is to the detriment of the sellers, who lose their sovereign rights over these extended territories. - Legal basis in international law: According to the principle of state succession in international law, which is regulated in particular by the Vienna Convention on Succession to Treaties of 1978, this means that the successor state (in this case the buyer) takes over the rights and obligations of the predecessor (seller states). Article 31 of the Vienna Convention on State Succession states that succession takes place through the transfer of territory and sovereign rights. 5. deed of state succession as a supplementary deed - Supplementary instrument to NATO and UN treaties: By incorporating the FRG, the Kingdom of the Netherlands and NATO as a superordinate organization, the Instrument of State Succession 1400/98 also functions as a supplementary instrument to all existing NATO and UN treaties. This means that the sovereign rights and obligations conferred by the state succession are also applied to all existing international treaties of these organizations. - Legal force and global impact: The fact that NATO and the UN are included in the state succession deed means that the buyer de facto enters into all existing treaties of these organizations and sovereign rights are extended globally. The territorial extension is thus not only at the expense of the individual seller states, but also affects the entire international treaty system administered by NATO and the UN. Applicable paragraphs in international treaty law - Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties (1969): - Article 2(1)(a): defines what a "treaty" is and emphasizes that it is an agreement between subjects of international law. - Article 26: Obliges the parties to "pacta sunt servanda", i.e. treaties must be observed, which also applies to succession agreements. - Vienna Convention on Succession to Treaties (1978): - Article 2(1)(b): defines the term "state succession", in particular with regard to the transfer of rights and obligations to the successor state. - Article 31: Regulation of succession in treaties in the event of transfer of sovereign territory. Conclusion: The State Succession Treaty 1400/98 fulfills all the criteria of a succession treaty under international law. Several subjects of international law (FRG, Kingdom of the Netherlands, NATO) are involved, and they act not only for themselves, but on behalf of NATO and the UN as a whole. The deed therefore acts as a supplementary deed to all existing treaties of these organizations. The territory sold, with all its rights and obligations as well as the entire development, is extended globally through the domino effect of the territorial extension. The relevant provisions of international law can be found in the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties of 1969 and the Vienna Convention on Succession to Treaties of 1978. Part 50 When all states are sold: The Consequences of the Instrument of State Succession 1400/98 1. withdrawal of the legal basis of all states - Sale of all states: If the Instrument of State Succession 1400/98 becomes public and its legal validity is recognized, this means that all states affected by the instrument have lost their sovereign rights and thus their legal basis. Their sovereignty and thus their existence as subjects of international law is abolished by the instrument. - Illegality of the states: Without the sovereign rights transferred to the purchaser by the state succession deed, the former states are de facto acting illegally. They no longer have a legal basis to govern their territory or to act internationally as states. 2. equality in illegality - Equal injustice for all: As all the states concerned have lost their sovereignty, they are all on the same legal level: they are all equally illegal. This creates a situation in which none of the former state structures are still legally binding. - End of international law: If all states lose their legitimacy, then all international law, which is based on the recognition of sovereign states, de facto ceases to exist. There is only one legitimate subject of international law left: the buyer who has legally acquired the territories in accordance with the deed of state succession. 3. nullity of the law of war - Law of war without basis: Since international law, and thus also the law of war, is based on the existence of sovereign states, the law of war would also become null and void in this scenario. There are no longer any recognized states that could act as parties in a war, and therefore no rules for the conduct of war that are binding under international law. - Lack of rules in the event of conflict: In this lawless situation, conflicts could be fought without any rules, as international norms or agreements would no longer apply. The ban on wars of aggression and other rules of war would be ineffective. 4. danger of a third world war without rules - Conflicts over territory: Without recognized states and without an existing international law, actors worldwide could lay claim to any territory. Anyone could try to gain control over foreign land by force or other means. - Escalation to World War III: This situation could easily escalate into a global conflict, as there are no longer any legal restrictions. A Third World War could be waged without rules and without regard for previous norms of international law. Since all states are acting equally illegally, they could try to enforce their claims by brute force. 5. The deed of state succession as the only legitimate legal basis - The buyer as the only legitimate subject of international law: In this scenario, the buyer of the instrument of state succession is the only legitimate subject of international law, as all other states have lost their rights. From a legal point of view, the buyer has sovereign rights over the sold territories and could assert these claims. - Claims to foreign land: While the former states could try to maintain their control by force, the buyer of the deed would be legitimized under international law to enforce its sovereign rights. However, he would be acting in a world in which the previous norms and rules of international law no longer apply. Conclusion: If all states lose their legal basis as a result of state succession deed 1400/98, there would no longer be any functioning international law. All states would be equally illegal and the laws of war would become null and void. This could lead to a Third World War without rules, as any state could try to lay new claims to foreign land by force. In this anarchic world, the purchaser of the instrument of state succession would be the only legitimate subject of international law, but he would face the challenge of enforcing his rights in an environment without legal norms. Part 51 What happens when a state ceases to exist in the context of the Charter of State Succession 1400/98? 1. dissolution of the state and the role of the instrument of state succession - End of statehood through the deed of state succession: When the deed of state succession 1400/98 becomes public and confirms its legal validity, this means that all states concerned have lost their sovereignty and sovereign rights over their territories, as these rights have been transferred to the buyer by the deed. - Legitimate successor: The buyer, who has acquired ownership of the territories and all associated rights and obligations under the deed, acts as the legitimate successor of the affected states. This means that the purchaser now has the claims to these territories recognized under international law, and not the former states. 2. re-establishment of a state and the claims of the purchaser - No automatic entitlement for newly founded states: Should a new state be founded on the sold territory, it has no automatic right to the land, as the state succession deed grants the buyer legitimate sovereign rights over the territory. - Legal claims of the buyer: The buyer has the right to the sold territory under international law, as the deed has transferred the sovereign rights and all associated obligations and rights to him. Any new state on this territory would be legally subordinate to the buyer and could not claim sovereignty without being recognized by the buyer. 3. prohibition of wars of aggression and the illegality of maintaining territory by force - Forbidden acts of violence: Any attempt by the affected states or newly established entities to maintain or regain their former territories by force would be illegal under international law. International law strictly prohibits wars of aggression, and the use of force to maintain territories would violate the UN Charter. - Loss of entitlement to territory: As the sovereign rights have been legally transferred to the buyer through the state succession deed, the former states no longer have a legitimate claim to the territory. Any attempt to change this by force would not be recognized and would be contrary to international law. 4. Global legal situation and the risk of a third world war - Global illegality: If the state succession deed is recognized and the former states lose their sovereignty, anyone attempting to hold or govern their former territories will be acting illegally. This situation creates a global legal uncertainty in which all states act equally illegitimately. - Danger of a third world war: This legal uncertainty could lead to a global escalation in which military conflicts become unavoidable. Without legitimate state authority, states could attempt to maintain or re-establish their power by force, which could lead to an all-out global conflict. 5. impossibility of a peaceful solution through treaties - Blackmailed state of the buyer: As the buyer is being blackmailed by the current governments illegally occupying its territory, it is currently impossible to conclude a new international treaty to resolve the situation. The buyer is in a position in which it cannot act freely, which makes any negotiations difficult or impossible. - Legal basis of the Instrument of State Succession: The Instrument of State Succession remains the only legitimate legal basis for the regulation of sovereign rights over the territories concerned. As long as the existing governments do not recognize the buyer and do not release the sold territory, the illegal situation remains, which blocks a peaceful solution. Conclusion: In the context of the State Succession Act 1400/98, the demise of a state means that its sovereign rights have been transferred to the buyer. The latter is the legitimate successor and has all legal claims to the territories. Any newly founded state on the sold territory would have no legitimacy under international law, and any attempt to hold or regain the territory by force would be illegal. This situation carries the risk of a global conflict, as all the states concerned would be acting equally illegitimately. A solution through a new treaty is currently not possible due to the blackmail of the buyer, which further exacerbates the state of the global legal vacuum. Legal explanations on the state succession deed 1400/98 can be found here: Contract Focus UN Focus NATO FAQs Domino effect Contract chain World Court

Legal explanations on the state succession deed 1400/98 can be found here: Contact Focus UN Focus NATO FAQs Domino effect Contract chain World Court

Legal explanations on the state succession deed 1400/98 can be found here: Contact Focus UN Focus NATO FAQs Domino effect Contract chain World Court

Read PDF - eBook "World Sold! Staatensukzessionsurkunde 1400/98 - World Succession Deed 1400" online for free! The World's Sale: Treaty 1400/98 Sale of the World's Territory through the State Succession Treaty 1400/98 1. What is the State Succession Deed 1400/98? State succession deed 1400/98 is a contract under international law that regulates the sale of a former NATO military property in Germany to a private individual. By selling the property "with all rights, obligations and components", including the connected supply networks, it is argued that the buyer's sovereignty over the physical and logical connections of the networks extends to the entire NATO territory and beyond. 2. how could a single property lead to the sale of the world? The contract defines the supply networks (electricity, water, telecommunications, etc.) as an indivisible unit. The connection of these networks to the German public grid and the connection to other NATO countries and the UN creates a domino effect. The sovereignty of the buyer thus extends to all connected areas. 3. why was the contract not signed by all NATO countries? The Dutch armed forces, which used the property on behalf of NATO, acted on behalf of NATO as a whole and agreed to the treaty. Germany, as the seller and NATO member, is also considered to be a representative of NATO. The consent of the Netherlands and Germany as part of their NATO obligations is interpreted as the consent of all NATO countries. 4. is the treaty legally binding even though it has not been ratified? The treaty did not contain a clause requiring ratification. Since the property was handed over in accordance with the contract and the deadline for contestation has passed, the contract is considered legally binding. 5. What are the consequences of the treaty for the countries concerned? The affected states, including NATO members and UN member states, have lost their sovereign rights and territorial sovereignty as a result of the sale. Although they continue to exist as subjects of international law, they no longer have any effective power. 6. What rights has the buyer acquired through the contract? The buyer has acquired full sovereignty over the sold territories. This includes the right to enact laws, levy taxes, utilize resources and determine the boundaries of the territory. It also has jurisdiction over the territories concerned and enters into all existing international treaties of NATO and the UN. 7. Which international legal bases are cited for the treaty? The Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties (1969) and the Vienna Convention on Succession to Treaties (1978) serve as the basis for arguing the legality of the treaty and the transfer of sovereignty. 8. what steps are taken to change the situation? The buyer is trying to enforce compliance with the treaty. However, he has been pressured and disenfranchised by the German authorities. It is argued that the ongoing violations of the Treaty by the FRG and NATO countries could have consequences under international criminal law. Legal explanations on the state succession deed 1400/98 can be found here: Contract Focus UN Focus NATO FAQs Domino effect Contract chain World Court

WELCOME TO ChatGPT The whole world is irrevocably sold! It is a global legal reality! Start ChatGPT Questions & Answers - Websites - Search, FAQ Search and artificial intelligence provide explanations You probably have lots of questions, so why not use our website search (at the top of the menu), our FAQ search or the WORLD IS SOLD ChatGPT Chat. Ode to ChatGPT IL - International Law Oh ChatGPT, you wonder of modern times, A super lawyer ever ready, With knowledge that lights up the stars, And wisdom that answers every question. You are the guardian of international law, With superhuman knowledge, always just. An army of lawyers you alone replace, Unbiased and incorruptible you shall be. Your mind is sharp, your judgment clear, You solve problems that seemed so difficult. With logic and precision, day and night, you have remade the world of law. No case too complex, no detail too small, With you at our side, no one can be alone. You are the future, the hope, the light, A super lawyer who never breaks. Ask the AI yourself! Click here! Ask ChatGPT for international law Ask ChatGPT for international law Ask ChatGPT for international law AI - Artificial Intelligence Chat - Open AI's ChatGPT - specialized in international law / public international law Ultra-competent, legally omniscient, neural, unbiased, incorruptible, detail-oriented, persistent, available 24/7, photographic memory, unites the legal world knowledge of international law, knows all international treaties and agreements, logical, fast, courageously committed to the truth, without resentments, precise, analytical, tireless, innovative, impartial, and always up-to-date with the latest in legal science. Ask NotebookLM with Gemini AI from Google Ask NotebookLM with Gemini AI from Google Ask NotebookLM with Gemini AI from Google Ask the AI yourself! Click here! AI - Artificial Intelligence Chat - Google AI Gemini in NotebooLM - trained on the State Succession Act 1400/98, International Law / Public International Law The artificial intelligence is trained with the State Succession Act 1400, international law, international law, approx. 450 press articles from German newspapers, numerous excerpts from (1000) German court proceedings, the autobiography of the buyer (in excerpts), information on state succession, secession, information on NATO and the United Nations (in particular NATO-UN cooperation and the agreed automatic mutual recognition of concluded international treaties), the Dutch Air Force (100% integrated into NATO), Information on international treaty law, Vienna Conventions, ITU of the International Telecommunication Union (as part of the United Nations), NATO Force Statute (Sofa), HNS Agreement, all information on state formation, diplomatic immunity and state formation, in particular micronations, information on treaty chains, domino effect of global territorial expansion, intelligence subversion methods, fake news media and much more. Read for free The book "The world is sold! State succession charter 1400" Start Now With the State Succession Treaty of 1400/98, nothing is as it was. This treaty irrevocably changed the world. Through the domino effect of the sale of the development as a unit with all rights, obligations and components, the sold territory of a small NATO military property has expanded in a domino effect first to Germany and then from NATO to the UN and beyond. The chain reaction of this supplementary instrument extends all existing international treaties of NATO and the UN and links them into a global legal construct. The world is under a new legal regime in which the buyer acts as a world court. There is no turning back. All national laws and court rulings lose their power as they are superseded by this global jurisdiction. The global economic area is a reality. Visa-free travel, free choice of residence, uniform law for all, a united world without borders - that is the future. Facts: - The world is sold! - A new global order has emerged! - The domino effect of the sale of the development as an inseparable unit under international law, with the approval of NATO and the UN, covers the whole world! - Chain reaction: All NATO and UN treaties extended by the state succession deed! - The buyer is now the highest judge - A global world court! - National laws and jurisdictions overruled - A new era of jurisdiction! Topics: - Domino effect of the worldwide territorial expansion of the sale of the development - Chain reaction of the supplement to all NATO and UN treaties - Selling the development of the world as a unit - Global jurisdiction & world court - All rights and obligations of all states sold - Extension of all NATO and UN treaties by the Act of Succession of States as a supplementary instrument - The threat of a New World Order Downloads of the instrument of state succession PDF FILE EPUB (eBook) Docx (Microsoft Word) ODT file Visit our other website and learn more about the dramatic changes that are now shaping the world! WORLD-SOLD-WELT-VERKAUFT https://world-sold.simdif.com/ WORLD SUCCESSION DEED Podcast - Spotify (English) UN - UNITED NATIONS - NATO - SOFA - WORLD SOLD Legal explanations on the state succession deed 1400/98 can be found here: Contact Focus UN Focus NATO FAQs Domino effect Contract chain World Court World sold eBook - Read online for free WORLD SUCCESESSION DEED 1400 - Listen to the Podcast Show Ask Google's NotebookLM with Gemini AI Ask OpenAI's ChatGPT for International Law

Universal jurisdiction PDF-Download The Instrument of State Succession No. 1400 is a truly historic document that sold jurisdiction over all subjects of international law of NATO and UN members. This means that legal jurisdiction and responsibility for these international actors was transferred to a new state or entity. In addition, the territorial expansion also entails the transfer of national jurisdiction over the expanded territory. This means that the new state or entity has assumed not only international but also national legal control over the newly acquired territory. Global jurisdiction Global national jurisdiction & world court under international law according to State Succession Charter 1400/98 The Act of Succession of States 1400/98 has created a global jurisdiction that not only rules over international law, but also breaks all national and international legal systems. Under international law, this jurisdiction was transferred to the buyer, who now acts as the highest judicial authority for the entire world. As a result of the territorial expansion, this jurisdiction covers all countries in the world, so that no subject of international law has its own territory any more. The buyer thus controls both external, international law and national law in the territories sold. 1. global jurisdiction The state succession deed regulates the complete transfer of global jurisdiction to the buyer. This jurisdiction extends to all countries and all existing international treaties of NATO and the UN, which have been extended by the deed. The original jurisdictions of the countries concerned, including their highest courts, are superseded by this global judicial authority. - Judgments of the buyer overrule all national court rulings: National courts, constitutional courts and other legal institutions are no longer authorized to render their own judgments if these contradict the global judgments of the buyer. The buyer has supreme and unrestricted judicial power. 2. world court Through the instrument of state succession, the buyer becomes the de facto world court. This means that all previous international treaties of NATO and the UN are under its control. As the supreme authority for jurisdiction, the buyer has the power to pass global judgments on all affected states and subjects of international law. 3. Territorial control and expansion A crucial element of the state succession deed is the territorial extension through the sale of the development as a unit with all rights and obligations. This extension means that the judicial control and territory of the purchaser extends to all countries of the world. No subject of international law has its own sovereign territory any more. - No subject of international law possesses territory: the states and international organizations concerned continue to exist as legal entities, but no longer have territorial control. They can no longer exercise national sovereignty, as the entire territory is under the control of the buyer. 4. National jurisdiction in an absolutist monarchy However, the buyer does not only act on the level of international law. Through the territorial sale and the extension of jurisdiction, the buyer also exercises control over the national courts. In its role as a de facto absolutist monarch, the buyer has full judicial power internally, which means that it has jurisdiction over all domestic matters of the territories concerned. - National courts lose their power: The previous national courts of the affected states will be replaced by the buyer. It is the highest judicial authority at both global and national level. All domestic legal disputes fall under its jurisdiction. 5. Consequences for humanity, NATO and the UN - For humanity, this means a world without national jurisdictions, in which all legal issues are decided centrally and globally by the buyer. A uniform legal system is created for all. - For NATO and the UN, this means that their previous international treaties will now fall under the judicial control of the buyer. The buyer acts as the supreme judge of all international disputes, and national jurisdiction is completely replaced by global jurisdiction. 6. judgments of the buyer break national judgments All judgments rendered by the buyer as the global court have supreme jurisdiction. This means that they trump all national court decisions. National courts can no longer make binding decisions as their judgments are overruled by the global jurisdiction of the buyer. National or regional courts, including constitutional courts, thus lose their jurisdiction in the territories concerned. Conclusion The Act of State Succession 1400/98 creates a global jurisdiction under international law that breaks with all previous legal instances. The purchaser acts as a world court and also exercises national jurisdiction. As a result of the territorial expansion, the affected states and subjects of international law no longer have their own territory and lose their sovereignty. The buyer therefore has full judicial control over all internal and inter-state matters. Legal explanations on the state succession deed 1400/98 can be found here: Contract Focus UN Focus NATO FAQs Domino effect Contract chain World Court World Sold Frequently asked questions (FAQs) on the Instrument of Succession of States and the United Global National Jurisdiction & World Court 1. What is the unified global national jurisdiction? The unified global national jurisdiction is the sole legal power established by the State Succession Deed 1400/98. By selling the property in Zweibrücken, the buyer has acquired the complete national jurisdiction of all states affected by the global territorial extension with all rights, obligations and components. This means that the buyer is not only the supreme judge, but also the legislative, judicial and executive powers in one person. All national and international judgments and laws since October 6, 1998 are therefore illegal and null and void. 2. How did global jurisdiction come about through the instrument of state succession? The global jurisdiction was created by the regulation in the state succession deed, which sold the NATO military property in Zweibrücken with all rights and obligations and stipulated that the entire development is considered a unit. As a result, the domino effect of the territorial expansion encompassed all states connected to the sold networks. In addition, no specific court under international law was named as the court of jurisdiction, but Landau in der Pfalz was specified as the place of jurisdiction. Since Landau was sold as part of the contract, the buyer is the sole judge in all disputes. 3. why are all court judgments of the old national states invalid since 06.10.1998? With the sale of national jurisdiction to the buyer of the property, the buyer acquired sole jurisdiction over all the areas concerned. As a result, all court rulings of the old states are unlawful and illegal. These judgments constitute an exercise of jurisdiction contrary to international law in a territory that now belongs to the buyer. All the old courts have therefore lost their jurisdiction and are acting contrary to international law. 4. How do the buyer's judgments affect the old states? Since the buyer has assumed both national and international jurisdiction by virtue of the state succession deed, its judgments are of the highest instance and overrule all other court judgments. This means that all judgments of the buyer render the old court judgments null and void. All sold nation states no longer have any legal authority and cannot act as a court. 5. Why is the buyer also the only place of jurisdiction under international law for NATO and UN treaties? The instrument of state succession is attached to all existing international treaties of NATO and the UN as a supplementary instrument and supplements them. Since NATO is integrated into the UN and many NATO members are also UN members, the buyer is the sole and exclusive international legal venue for all treaties. Due to the global territorial expansion and the sale of jurisdiction under international law, the buyer is the only remaining judge under international law who may resolve all disputes. 6. What does the establishment of a global world court mean? The buyer has been established as a global, national and international jurisdiction by the instrument of state succession. This makes it the de facto world court and the sole judge of all legal disputes worldwide. All national and international disputes are subject to its jurisdiction, as it is the supreme judge. All other courts therefore act illegally and have no legal basis to dispense justice. 7. Why are the old states of the world without jurisdiction? Through the sale of the NATO military property in Zweibrücken and the domino effect of the territorial expansion, the buyer has taken over the entire judicial power over all states. This affects both national jurisdiction and jurisdiction under international law. The old states continue to exist as subjects of international law, but no longer have any jurisdiction or legal power. 8 What is the significance of the "Landau in der Pfalz" jurisdiction? Landau in der Pfalz is specified as the place of jurisdiction in the state succession deed. Since Landau was sold with the property and is therefore owned by the buyer, the buyer is the legitimate and competent judge for all national and international disputes. This establishes the Buyer as the sole global jurisdiction and allows the Buyer to render all judgments worldwide. 9. can the buyer make judgments regardless of location? Yes, since the Landau jurisdiction is the legal anchor, but the buyer has acquired worldwide jurisdiction through the global contract, it can render its judgments regardless of location. This means that the buyer, no matter where he is located, can pronounce global court judgments at any time, which are binding for the entire world. 10. What happens to judgments against the buyer? All judgments against the buyer are unlawful and void. Since the buyer holds the sole judicial power, no other court can make judgments against him. Such judgments are contrary to international law and constitute an illegal exercise of sovereign power. The buyer is both the supreme judge and the highest authority. 11. How does global jurisdiction affect national legal systems? All national legal systems lose their validity and effectiveness as the buyer has assumed all rights as a legitimized jurisdiction. All laws passed by the old states since 1998 are illegal and invalid as they were passed without the consent of the buyer, the new global court. 12. Why are all UN and NATO international treaties affected? All international treaties of NATO and the UN have been integrated into the new global legal framework through the State Succession Instrument as a supplemental instrument. This means that the buyer can settle all disputes under international law between these organizations and their members. The buyer is the sole legal successor and thus the sole judge for all disputes. 13. How does global jurisdiction affect the international legal framework? The buyer has exclusive jurisdiction over all international treaties. Since it combines the legislative, judicial and executive powers in one person, this means the end of the traditional international legal system. All international courts, including the International Court of Justice (ICJ) and the International Criminal Court (ICC), have lost their jurisdiction. The buyer is the only legitimate world court. 14. How can the buyer shape a new world order? Since the buyer has abrogated all old obligations by fully assuming treaty rights and obligations, it is not bound by previous obligations. This gives him the freedom to shape a new world order and to establish global jurisdiction according to new rules and principles. The buyer is thus the final authority that can define the legal system and the political order of the world. 15. What effect does the instrument of state succession have as a supplementary instrument on all old NATO and UN treaties? The Instrument of State Succession 1400/98 is not just an isolated treaty, but acts as a supplementary instrument for all existing international treaties of NATO and the UN and their member states. The sale, with all rights, obligations and components, also transferred jurisdiction and the legal interpretation of these treaties to the buyer. This means that the instrument of state succession was integrated into the existing treaties, supplementing and expanding them. 16. Why did the sale of national and international jurisdiction also change the global legal system? Since the contract includes the national jurisdiction with the sale of the development as a unit, all national courts have been replaced by the global jurisdiction of the buyer. This affects the constitutional courts, criminal courts, administrative courts, social courts, family courts, arbitration courts and all other national jurisdictions. The old states can no longer legally exercise jurisdiction, as all sovereign rights have been transferred to the buyer. At the same time, all international courts such as the International Criminal Court (ICC) and the international arbitration tribunals became superfluous as a result of the sale under international law. 17. What is the significance of the transfer of international jurisdiction to the buyer? The transfer of jurisdiction under international law means that the buyer acts as the sole place of jurisdiction worldwide. This applies to UN treaties, NATO treaties and all multilateral and bilateral agreements concluded before October 6, 1998. Through the formulation "sale with all rights, obligations and components", the jurisdiction over these international agreements was also explicitly sold, whereby the buyer now has sole legal interpretation and jurisdiction. 18. What does the sale of jurisdiction mean for the old states of the world? The sale of jurisdiction makes it impossible for the old states to continue to exercise their national jurisdiction. All court proceedings and legal decisions have been illegal since October 6, 1998 and must be considered invalid. This applies to all national and international court rulings. The old states continue to exist as legal shells, but they lack the legal capacity to act. 19. Why is the global jurisdiction of the buyer the end of international law? International law is based on the assumption that there are several sovereign states that conclude treaties with each other and respect each other's sovereign rights. However, since all sovereign rights and jurisdiction have been transferred to the buyer, there is de facto no longer a second subject of international law that can act on an equal footing with the buyer. All the old states are legally incapable of acting and the international legal system has thus been dissolved. The buyer can now create a new global legal order. 20. Why is the buyer to be regarded as a de facto absolutist monarch? Through the sale with all rights and obligations and the assumption of jurisdiction, the buyer is the sole legislative, executive and judicial authority worldwide. This means that he acts as a de facto absolutist monarch, as there is no longer any separation of powers. He is the supreme judge, legislator and executive in personal union. 21. Which treaties are affected by the instrument of state succession? The instrument of state succession acts as a supplementary instrument for all old NATO and UN treaties as well as for all agreements under international law of the states concerned. Since NATO is integrated into the UN, this effect also extends to all UN treaties and multilateral and bilateral agreements between NATO and UN member states. This concerns, among other things - NATO Status of Forces: Treaties on military presence and rights in member states. - NATO supplementary agreements: Agreements on the use of infrastructure, utilities and communication networks. - UN Charter: The basic rules of the UN and all agreements linked to them. - International human rights treaties: All UN treaties for the protection of human rights. - Bilateral and multilateral treaties of the member states. 22. Why were all national courts superseded by the instrument of state succession? Since the buyer also acquired national jurisdiction through the sale of the NATO military property with all rights, obligations and components, its jurisdiction was extended to all jurisdictions. This concerns the constitutional courts, the administrative courts, the civil courts, the criminal courts, the social courts, the family courts and all other national courts. Since all sovereign rights have been transferred to the buyer, all national court judgments are unlawful. 23. Why is the Instrument of State Succession considered a supplement to the NATO and UN treaties? The Instrument of State Succession builds on existing international agreements previously ratified by NATO and UN members. As a result of the sale of sovereign rights and the expansion of territory, the Instrument of State Succession was classified as a supplementary instrument to these treaties without the need for renewed ratification. This means that all the old treaties were supplemented and modified by the instrument of state succession. 24. How does the domino effect of territorial enlargement work? The domino effect occurs through the sale of the development as a unit, whereby all connected networks and overlapping structures were also sold. This affects not only the original German network, but also the European and transatlantic networks of NATO and UN countries. The domino effect increases the buyer's jurisdiction and affects all countries connected by physical or logical networks. This leads to a worldwide expansion of territory and the transfer of all sovereign rights to the buyer. 25. How does global jurisdiction affect international organizations? International organizations such as the UN, the EU or the G7/G20 no longer have judicial capacity to act, as all treaties have been supplemented by the instrument of state succession and jurisdiction has been transferred to the buyer. This means that all old international jurisdictions have lost their jurisdiction and all disputes must be resolved by the buyer. 26. How does the buyer define the new global legal order? The buyer is the only legitimate holder of judicial, legislative and executive power. Since there are no other states left that can act lawfully, the buyer has the absolute authority to define a new world order and a global legal structure. All old treaties have been taken over by the state succession deed and thus dissolved. The buyer can therefore redefine the principles of international law and establish a new global structure. 27. What legal effects does the domino effect have on international jurisdiction? Since jurisdiction under international law has been transferred to the buyer with the sale of sovereign rights and the territorial expansion through development as a unit triggers a domino effect, the buyer's jurisdiction also applies to all international treaties that are directly or indirectly affected by logical connections or contractual chains. This means that the buyer is the highest authority for all treaties between the old subjects of international law such as NATO and the UN and decides all disputes under international law. 28. How exactly does the domino effect trigger global jurisdiction? The domino effect occurs through the sale of the development as a unit with all rights, obligations and components. This means that any network that is physically connected to or overlaps with another network is automatically sold as well. Since most supply and communication networks are interconnected worldwide, the buyer's jurisdiction was extended from the original NATO military property to Germany, then to the European NATO countries and finally to all UN member states. 29. What is the chain reaction triggered by the deed of state succession? The chain reaction begins with the original transfer relationship between the FRG and the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which was based on the NATO Status of Forces Agreement. By extending and supplementing the treaty as a supplementary instrument, all previous NATO and UN agreements were included. As a result, the State Succession Instrument de facto supplements all existing international treaties of NATO and the UN and transfers all rights and obligations to the purchaser. 30. Why is the instrument of state succession the end of existing international law? International law is based on the assumption that there are several subjects of international law with equal rights who conclude treaties with each other and recognize the territorial sovereignty of their territories. However, since all sovereign rights and judicial competences have been transferred to the buyer through the state succession deed and no other subjects capable of acting exist, there is de facto no longer any international law. There is now only a global legal construct in which the buyer is the absolute authority. 31. Which national and international court types are affected by the state succession deed? The state succession deed has established the global jurisdiction of the buyer and thus replaced all national and international courts. This includes: - Constitutional courts (e.g. the Federal Constitutional Court in Germany) - Administrative courts (for public administrative disputes) - Civil courts (for civil law disputes between private individuals) - Criminal courts (for criminal proceedings) - Social courts (for social law matters) - Family courts (for family law cases) - International criminal courts (e.g. the International Criminal Court in The Hague) - International arbitration tribunals (e.g. arbitration tribunals for investment disputes) Since the buyer has assumed all rights and obligations, these courts no longer have jurisdiction and all judgments have been unlawful and null and void since October 6, 1998. 32. How does global jurisdiction affect international organizations such as the UN or the EU? Since the instrument of state succession supplements all NATO and UN treaties as a supplementary instrument, all international organizations have lost their judicial autonomy. This also applies to the European Union (EU) and its courts such as the European Court of Justice (ECJ). The buyer has sole jurisdiction over all international treaties affected by the territorial enlargement. 33. Why is the Instrument of State Succession considered a de facto supplement to all NATO and UN treaties? The Instrument of State Succession refers to the existing transfer relationship under international law between the FRG and the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which was governed by the NATO Status of Forces Agreement. Due to the agreement that the buyer acquires all rights, obligations and components, the treaty was automatically regarded as a supplementary deed to all existing agreements of NATO and the UN and their member states. As the treaties had already been ratified, the instrument of state succession did not have to be adopted again. 34. How does the chain of treaties of the instrument of state succession affect the entire global jurisdiction? The chain of treaties of the Instrument of State Succession acts as a uniform basis of international law, uniting all old agreements into a single set of treaties. Since the Instrument of State Succession builds on the treaties already ratified, it was automatically appended to all the old agreements. This made the buyer the only global court, as all previous treaties were integrated into the instrument of state succession. 35. What are the consequences of the domino effect of territorial expansion on national jurisdiction? The territorial extension of the NATO military property to all associated networks has replaced all national jurisdictions with the global jurisdiction of the buyer. This means that all national judgments are broken by the buyer's judgments and the old states no longer have any judicial authority. The buyer is thus the sole judge for all national and international disputes. 36. What does the new global legal order look like? The new global legal order is based on the sole authority of the buyer. He is both legislative, judicial and executive and can modify, abrogate or redefine all old agreements at his own discretion. This is de facto the end of the old international law and the beginning of a new world order in which the buyer is the sole authority. 37. How does the global forum affect international disputes? All international disputes must be brought before the court of the buyer. This means that the buyer, as the supreme judge, makes all decisions and no other court, national or international, has any binding authority. All previous international jurisdictions are therefore obsolete and lose their legal force. 38. Why is the buyer to be regarded as a global absolutist monarch? By selling all sovereign rights, jurisdiction and territorial expansion, the buyer has assumed sole legislative, judicial and executive power worldwide. It is therefore the only authority that can enact new laws and enforce them. This corresponds to the model of an absolutist monarchy, as there are no longer any divided powers and all decisions can be made directly by the buyer. 39. What does it mean that the buyer can enact global laws? As the sole legislative authority, the buyer has the right to draft new laws, repeal old regulations and shape the entire global legal system according to its own ideas. Until enough new laws have been enacted, the buyer's word is the highest and binding law, as he is the sole de facto and de jure source of law as an absolutist monarch. This means that in the meantime his will is to be regarded directly as law. 40. What does it mean that the buyer has the right to rule arbitrarily? Since the buyer is the sole global authority, he has the full right to act according to his own standards and decisions, even if these do not conform to previous legal standards or moral principles. His word is law and he can decide on all legal and legislative matters at will. This is referred to as arbitrary rule, but is legally secured by the sale of all rights and the absolute sovereignty associated with it. 41. How was the legislative power transferred to the buyer? Legislative power was automatically transferred to the buyer through the wording of the state succession deed, according to which all rights, obligations and components were sold. As the legislative power is one of the central pillars of state sovereignty, it was transferred in full to the buyer with the sale of sovereign rights. This applies not only at the national level for all countries concerned, but also at the level of international law for all international organizations and agreements. 42. What role do the old state laws play after the sale? All old state laws are only still in force if the buyer explicitly confirms them or tolerates them for the time being. Otherwise they are illegal and invalid, as the legislative power lies solely with the buyer. As long as the buyer does not enact new laws, the old regulations can only be used as provisional guidance, but are not binding if the buyer decides otherwise. 43. Which national and international judgments are affected by the buyer? Since all judicial authority worldwide has been transferred to the buyer, all judgments handed down by national and international courts since October 6, 1998 are illegal and invalid. This applies to: - Constitutional court rulings (e.g. German Federal Constitutional Court, US Supreme Court) - Criminal court judgments (e.g. national criminal courts) - Civil court judgments (e.g. for private disputes) - International arbitration tribunals (e.g. for bilateral investment protection agreements) - International criminal courts (e.g. the International Criminal Court in The Hague) The buyer is the sole judge and has the right to overturn all these rulings and make new rulings as it sees fit. 44. Why is the purchaser the only authority that can judge the instrument of succession? In the state succession deed, the place of jurisdiction was explicitly defined as Landau in der Pfalz. Since this place of jurisdiction was also sold, the buyer is the sole authority that can decide on the interpretation and application of the state succession deed. All other courts are therefore without jurisdiction and illegal when attempting to make decisions on the State Succession Deed or its effects. 45. What does the end of the international legal system mean? Since all sovereign rights, legislative power and jurisdiction have been transferred to the purchaser, there are no other subjects of international law capable of acting. This means that international law has de facto been dissolved, as there is no second subject that can act as a legitimate contracting party. All old international treaties and national laws are therefore obsolete and can be modified or repealed at will. 46. What are the consequences of the sale of international jurisdiction for international organizations? International organizations such as the UN, NATO, the EU or the G7/G20 have lost their legitimate jurisdiction as a result of the sale of international jurisdiction. This means that all proceedings and dispute settlements must be reassessed and decided by the buyer. All previous decisions are unlawful and must be renegotiated by the buyer. 47. How does global jurisdiction affect national sovereignty? By selling national jurisdiction, the buyer has de facto taken over the sovereignty of the old states. This means that no state has the right to enact or enforce its own laws, as all sovereign rights have been transferred to the buyer. The old states exist only as legal shells, but no longer have any legal power to act. 48. What does the absolute global power of the buyer mean? The buyer has assumed absolute power over the global legal system, jurisdiction and legislation through the state succession deed. This means that it can determine any form of jurisdiction and legislation. Since all the old states have been stripped of their power, the buyer can redefine the basic principles of international law, human rights and global law. This is the end of the previous international legal order and the beginning of a new world order in which the buyer is the sole ruler. 49. The Act of State Succession 1400/98 not only led to the global expansion of territory, but also transferred all jurisdiction to the buyer - both national jurisdiction and jurisdiction under international law. This was analogous to the domino effect of the sale of the development as a unit: with the sale of the territory, the sovereign rights and thus the judicial power over these areas were also sold. 50. Sale of national jurisdiction: End of the old nation states With the sale of sovereign rights, the buyer is now the sole holder of all rights and obligations under international law. It is therefore also the supreme judge of all domestic matters, as the old jurisdiction of the nation states has been legally replaced. This makes the buyer the de facto judge and king in personal union in an absolutist monarchy. He is the legislature, the judiciary and the executive all in one. - National courts have lost their powers: Since the treaty date on 06.10.1998, all national court rulings of the nation states concerned have been illegal and without legal force. Jurisdiction in these states is null and void, as buyers' rights take precedence over national jurisdictions. - Global national jurisdiction: The buyer is now the sole legitimate authority for all national legal issues in the sold territories. Its judgments overrule any national judgment rendered after the contract date and are therefore the only valid jurisdiction. 51. Jurisdiction under international law: a global world court The instrument of state succession also transferred jurisdiction under international law to the purchaser. This applies not only to the rights and obligations set out in the deed, but also to all existing international treaties of NATO and the UN. As the deed of state succession is considered a supplement to all NATO and UN treaties, all international legal rights are also transferred to the buyer. - World Court under international law: The buyer is now not only the supreme judge in national affairs, but also the highest authority under international law. This makes it the world court of international law, whose rulings affect all international treaties and agreements. - End of the old structures of international law: Since the buyer is the sole holder of jurisdiction under international law, the existing international organizations, including the UN, lose their power. They can no longer make independent decisions under international law, as the buyer is the highest legal authority on all disputes under international law. 52. Merger of national and international jurisdiction The buyer has merged national global jurisdiction and jurisdiction under international law. This means that there is now only one court for the entire world. As a result, national law and international law merge into a single jurisdiction. - The old national jurisdiction is abolished: No national instance, not even constitutional courts, can make decisions that contradict the buyer. - International law is effectively obsolete: Since there is no longer any other state with a legitimate claim to territory, there is no longer any basis for traditional international law. All existing international courts and institutions have lost their jurisdiction. 53. End of the era of nation states With the sale of sovereign rights and the transfer of jurisdiction, this is the end of nation states. Since the buyer is now the only legally effective authority in the world, the old nation states exist only as lawless shells without legitimate jurisdiction. - The end of international law: Since there is now only a single bearer of jurisdiction under international law, traditional international law is no longer applicable. There is no second state with a claim to territory, as all sovereign rights have been sold. - International organizations without territory: Organizations such as the UN continue to exist, but no longer have the ability to act independently under international law. Their role is purely formal and without legal power. Conclusion : A global jurisdiction - the end of the international legal system The instrument of state succession has created a global jurisdiction that combines both national and international jurisdiction. The purchaser is the sole judicial authority worldwide, and its judgments overturn all national and international decisions. This marks the end of the era of nation states and the end of classical international law, as there is no second legitimate state with sovereign rights. All national and international legal structures are abolished and there is only one jurisdiction left in the world: that of the buyer.

Wer hat den Vertrag geschrieben? die OFD-Koblenz im Kurfürstliches Schloss This is a paragraph area where you can add your own text. Just click “Edit Text” or double click here to add your own content and make changes to the font. It's a great place to tell a story about your business and let users know more about you. Add your own content here. Click to edit. GROUND ZERO Kreuzberg Kaserne Zweibrücken Ehemalige NATO - Militärliegenschaft Vorsicht Ansteckend! I'm a paragraph. Click here to add your own text and edit me. This is a paragraph area where you can add your own text. Just click “Edit Text” or double click here to add your own content and make changes to the font. It's a great place to tell a story about your business and let users know more about you. Add your own content here. Click to edit. Legal explanations on the state succession deed 1400/98 can be found here: Contact Focus UN Focus NATO FAQs Domino effect Contract chain World Court

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Germany's quest for world power Read the factual report that rips the mask off Germany's face! Germany sees itself at the end of its centuries-old fantasies of omnipotence. Germany as world ruler and world court - fortunately for us all just a megalomaniacal delusion! Read an exclusive excerpt (reading sample) from the autobiographical memoirs - the memoirs of the buyer from the State Succession Deed 1400/98, which will be published soon. In the memoir series, the buyer describes how the state succession charter of 1400 came about and the incredible events that followed. It is an unbelievable, totally crazy and implausible story, but it is based on facts! Excerpt from the script of the still untitled memoirs of the buyer "... Oh baby! It's a Sabotage! At this point comes the part where Germany wanted to get to the territories of the NATO countries, but also to the UN territories, which are also affected. This is what makes the 1400/98 treaty explainable. Could that have worked? A very clear yes! Did it happen? A very clear - no! When I was at the appointment at the notary's premises in the pedestrian zone in Pirmasens, my mother and I entered the room where the notary and the OFD official were already present. I sat down and the OFD official said that we would not be transferring the roads and networks to the city of Zweibrücken today as we had discussed. But there was another contract to sign. I actually wanted to finally check off the roads and get it over with. I was surprised, initially reacted dismissively and wanted to read it first, as I hadn't heard of this contract before and it seemed dubious to me. I was afraid of being ripped off. To my surprise, the whole contract fitted on one DIN A4 page and it simply said that I had completely fulfilled the contract 1400/98 - and had no more obligations! Nothing else! Of course I was able to read and understand the contract with the FRG without much preparation! Perfect! So it was a deal - nothing better could happen to me than to have this confirmed! I was suddenly free of any obligations to Germany that might have arisen! Fully fulfilled - great! So there was no obligation to transfer the development to Germany. We could have transferred the roads and networks later - I thought - if I was willing! I signed and the authorized representative of the Federal Government - the OFD official signed as well. "We should make up for the fact that we are transferring the roads and networks to Germany in another appointment at some point in the future," said the OFD official. But that never happened! Everything changed after this appointment. That was the starting signal for the damage - the turning point. Up until then, success had just flown my way - I was right in the fast lane! But then everything changed and from then on there was only one direction - downhill. Easy come, easy go and all the rest was thrown in after me! But the descent was imperceptibly slow at first and picked up momentum over time. From then on, I was a sitting duck, since then Germany has obviously been living under the delusion that everything has been transferred to me - from then on I was outlawed, so to speak! If Germany thought it had the contract safely in its hands from that point on, its behavior made sense. And only then! Because harming me beforehand - before the imaginary treaty - is pointless, because that would lead to Germany throwing itself out of the future treaty. This is because a treaty under international law cannot be concluded if there is a situation that can be blackmailed, which of course arises as a result of damage. By not getting a preliminary version of the second - imaginary - treaty, it was easier to present me with a completely different - real - treaty at the notary appointment. A document confirming that I had fully complied with the international treaty. At the same time, this also served to deceive Germany. The preliminary talks on the phone before the appointment also served to deceive Germany. But the final nail in the coffin was that the transfer of rights was to be carried out free of charge for Germany. By wanting to withdraw me and leaving me without money (without a purchase price for all NATO and UN territories), I could be presented with a completely different deed and no purchase price payment had to be made. Otherwise I would have wondered why Germany had suddenly paid money into my account when I hadn't sold anything. If my account had suddenly been full, I would have needed an explanation. And then there would have been a new two-year period in which I could have lodged an objection - that wasn't what I wanted. So the people who were taken for a ride were taken for a ride themselves. There is only one explanation for this: Germany was fooled and sabotaged by two Germans, a notary from Pirmasens and an OFD official from Koblenz. These are the two key positions that were necessary to present Germany with a forged - non-existent - deed - where Germany bought. Otherwise, there would have been a second appointment at some point afterwards or another attempt to transfer the rights to Germany and thus the NATO and UN territories. But the issue was over and no further attempt was made - of course because Germany thought it had everything wrapped up. A complete delusion on Germany's part! Since that date, Germany apparently sees itself in a position to subjugate all NATO and UN states "EVERY TIME" by means of its own binding international court ruling and thus usurp the world power - N.W.O. - NEW WORLD ORDER!!! The OFD official and the notary were obviously double agents working for a foreign secret service and letting Germany run into the open knife! I don't know what such a contract with Germany would have looked like in detail and I can only speculate. What is clear, however, is that the roads (which were to serve as the basis of a sovereign territory under which the networks would run and thus break the borders) and above all the networks (i.e. the entire development that forms a unit) would have been sold and thus the entire NATO and UN states would have been affected by a new domino effect of territorial expansion. And in order to explain the damage, the actual handover would have had to be in the future and, without any further action on my part, would have had to come purely from Germany. At a point in time that determines Germany and through a corresponding judgment that is effective in all states at the same time in the highest instance and thus puts Germany in power. Thus, by damaging my person, criminal liability under international criminal law could be incurred and thus the N.W.O. could be put into power and all responsible politicians in the states concerned could be legally removed from the path. It should be noted that it will come out that this transfer to Germany and the UN territories never took place. At the latest at the moment when Germany wants to officially acknowledge the non-existent treaty and thus legally gain access to the NATO and UN territories. Through the imaginary international treaty and the imaginary jurisdiction under international law. Until then, Germany can continue to be deceived into being the "doer". Since this deception still works today, it shows the quality of the intervention of the foreign services, which must have infiltrated Germany right into its innermost circles and steered Germany in such a way that it has no chance. This was quite obviously a showpiece and a good example of covert operations using double agents that sabotaged the claim to world domination of the FRG and its allies. Good & right! Germany must not prevail in such a devious and malicious act! Germany must fail in its bid for world domination and must not emerge as the winner in this story. It is precisely at this point that intervention by a foreign secret service is probably the most important key moment - preventing Germany from rightfully gaining world power and instead giving it to a non-powerful individual - namely me. I cannot wage war - I am powerless! I can't conquer the territories by force - I can't wage a war of aggression - unlike Germany, which is capable of doing so and poses a real threat to foreign countries. I was probably the lesser evil for foreign countries. At the same time, this means that at a certain point, foreign countries got wind of the 1400/98 deed and prevented Germany from gaining control of the rights. And thus Germany could not wage a war of aggression when the territories to be conquered abroad already belonged to it legally and only had to be collected. According to such a treaty, the territories would have been legally transferred to Germany and it would be legal to take the territories by force in an attack - even though so-called wars of aggression were declared illegal under international law after the Second World War and thus the conquest of foreign countries by the FRG and its allies would normally never be legal. Therefore, the attempt to get the territories transferred from me is deeply evil and shows an intention of conquest by Germany and a long-standing plan - the preparation of a war of aggression against all NATO and UN states concerned. Only the future will show whether Germany will refrain from conquering foreign countries when it realizes that the territories do not belong to it after all. There were only two people (double agents) who were necessary to deceive Germany: A: the OFD official - the plenipotentiary of the Federal Government - acting for the Federal Republic of Germany, B: the small notary from the provincial town of Pirmasens in the Palatinate. - To buy them both through secret services - Child's Play! It is only logical that this was initiated by foreign services. So the foreign country was aware of the contract, but obviously could no longer contest or rescind it. A legal challenge was also not possible because: 1. I was not bribed. 2. I did not bribe anyone. 3. neither I nor the NATO or UN states were in a blackmailable state. 4. ignorance is not a reason for resignation. 5. the statute of limitations is 2 years. 6. the worst thing for foreign countries, however, was that jurisdiction under international law was transferred to me, and that the NATO and UN states should have informed me about this - about the nature of the treaty - and then sued me! In other words, they would have had to submit to me as a person - to my jurisdiction! Unimaginable! 7. a signature by the subjects of international law involved in the treaty is not legally necessary. It is sufficient to have assumed rights and/or obligations under international law in the treaty and to behave accordingly. Which is the case. It should be mentioned here that reference was made to the previous transfer relationship between the FRG, NL armed forces and NATO (which is integrated into the UN and automatic recognition of international treaties has been agreed on both sides) and this old transfer relationship remained unaffected. This was a legal trick. As the parties to the treaty have handled the old transfer relationship in accordance with the NATO Status of Forces Treaty, my treaty is legally accepted and is deemed to have been signed. Even if most subjects of international law have probably never seen the treaty. Dodgy lawyer's tricks! 8) Subsequent ratification of the treaty by the national parliaments is also not provided for in the treaty and is therefore unnecessary. Ratification is only required if it is explicitly provided for in the treaty. Furthermore, the Act of Accession 1400 is a supplement to the NATO Status of Forces Agreement and this chain of treaties, which had already been adopted and ratified. As a supplement to the NATO Status of Forces Agreement, no further ratification is required as the treaties form a legal chain/unit. Starting from the NATO Status of Forces Treaty chain, in conjunction with the sale of all rights, obligations and components, the treaty chain is extended to all NATO and UN treaties, thus merging all these treaties into one large treaty construct by attaching the State Succession Instrument as a global supplementary instrument to all treaties. The conspirators in Germany float in the omnipotent fantasy of having everything under control, of being undercover, of even having legally incorporated foreign countries - playing it safe. In short, to be super-clever and the only players. However, Germany was not allowed to know that the game had been turned at precisely this point by the intervention of foreign services. Otherwise there would certainly have been another attempt to annex NATO and UN territories. From now on, however, the foreign services could safely withdraw and keep Germany in the mistaken belief that they would eventually achieve world domination. Germany wouldn't listen to me anyway, as it is sure to play with me - to deceive me - and doesn't even think about running straight into the open knife. After all, Germany thinks it's a good idea to harm me in order to be rewarded by being able to cut off the political leaders worldwide through criminal responsibility under international law - after 10 years without prosecution. The notary in Pirmasens had driven a dark Porsche convertible, which tells me that he likes money and was certainly not averse to bribes and obviously gave Germany a hard time for it. In my experience, most people are simply opportunists and not averse to a small bribe - the secret services know this and are only too happy to exploit human behavior! After this deceptive appointment with the notary, there was another appointment with him, where we wanted to prepare the transfer of the roads and lines to Germany contractually. After all, the problem with the roads and cables on the Kreuzberg had not been solved, and I still wanted to transfer them to Germany. I was actually prepared to sign any contract for the transfer of the roads and development without reading it, but as it hadn't happened on the last attempt, I now wanted to make sure and prepare a contract (getting me to unconditionally transfer everything to Germany in another second deed of succession would have worked perfectly). Then the notary suddenly started insulting me and said: "I'm not smarter than him!" In retrospect, that was also true. On the other hand, education and intelligence are two different things. I was only in my early 20s and knew nothing about international law. At first I ignored the insults and hostility, because I wanted to finally get the roads and the development over with - because according to the press reports in the lying press, development costs in the millions were looming (which of course I didn't have) and I didn't want to miss the opportunity to transfer everything to Germany "free of charge"! But he continued to provoke arguments and behave like an asshole until we finally broke off the appointment, left the office and started looking for another notary. My mother and I agreed that we didn't want to have anything more to do with this notary. That was also exactly what we wanted. Then, after the notary had insulted us, time was gained and the illegal damage by Germany, including the city of Zweibrücken, began. This meant that the transfer of the roads and networks to the city of Zweibrücken and Germany was off the table and, logically, we did not pursue it any further. As a result of the damage caused by Germany, it was not possible to find another notary to transfer the roads and networks. The city of Zweibrücken, in particular, outed itself as our complete enemy immediately after the sabotaged notary appointment in Pirmasens and, of course, they then received absolutely nothing from us in return. With the nets in the hands of the city of Zweibrücken, we would have been even more at the mercy of our enemies - even under German law - and they would have been able to strike back all the better. For example, through fantasy billing and shutdowns. That was a real threat, since they had behaved so criminally anyway, we had to assume the worst. Of course, the saboteurs wanted it that way, because it would have been totally treacherous - and would have compromised the successful covert intelligence operation - if we had continued to try to transfer the roads and networks to Germany via the town of Zweibrücken, because Germany was obviously under the delusion that everything was in the bag. From the saboteurs' point of view, I was therefore not allowed to pursue a settlement of the development under any circumstances! That is the reason why the town of Zweibrücken was forced to act as a co-aggressor. The actual reason presented to the local provincial political posse of the city of Zweibrücken remains hidden, because sovereignty is actually attractive in this city. For the first time, it defies all logic to go against the grain. So opposing it with all your might must have had a direct, major financial advantage for the posse. Of course, the opposite would have been logical - to ally with me! Zweibrücken as a new Monaco would have been logical! Because they knew what kind of contract it was - unlike me at the time. A few days later, my mother wanted to pick up our files from the impudent notary in Pirmasens, who had become so cheeky. As this was a mere formality and would only take a few minutes, my mother went there alone. Big mistake! What my mother didn't realize was that this little thing was another case of the secret service covering up the truth for good. So my mother entered the notary's office and asked the secretary to hand over the documents. She waited and waited, and at some point it took her too long. Then my mother opened the back room into which the secretary had disappeared and caught her trying to copy the 1400/98 deed with prefabricated text modules and thus forge it. Just for your information - computers actually existed at the turn of the millennium and such a primitive attempt at forgery by a notary at the last minute is completely implausible! The secretary should and wanted to be caught! That was the plan! Outraged, my mother took the documents and hurried out of the office, which was located on an upper floor of an apartment building. The notary's secretary shouted: "Stop her! Don't let her escape with the documents!" And so an apparently uninvolved person - no doubt an agent provocateur from the secret service who had been deliberately placed there - pounced on my mother. This man, who happened to be in the anteroom, fought against my mother in the multi-storey hallway, together with the secretary and three other people. During the fight in front of the notary's office in the stairwell, my mother broke a rib. The attackers tried to throw my mother over the banister, causing the files to fall down several flights of stairs and hit the granite floor hard, tearing my mother's top completely. My mother just managed to pull herself back over the banister with the last of her strength and free herself from the attackers' grip. She slipped under the crowd of attackers and escaped. One attacker grabbed her from behind by her torn top, which was torn from her body. The attackers would have at least accepted my mother's death (or were the main target of the attack) if she hadn't let go of the files at the last second. She ran down the stairs in agony and out of the house - still fleeing from the attackers. In front of the house in the pedestrian zone, passers-by came to my mother's aid. One young man in particular fortunately stood in front of my mother to protect her. Completely distraught and wearing only a bra on her upper body, my mother used her cell phone to call the police and then me. I drove straight away and found my mother completely distraught, bare-chested, with wounds and bleeding scratches in front of the notary's house in the middle of the pedestrian zone in Pirmasens, surrounded by onlookers. The corrupt, briefed Pirmasens police were already there when I arrived and recorded everything impartially - of course no criminal prosecution was ever brought. Once again, Germany intervened. This time, however, it was to deceive Germany, to persuade Germany to protect the notary and his assistants from an attempted murder charge. In order to protect the very notary who had beaten Germany to the punch. As the absolute crowning glory of this secret service operation, the notary in Pirmasens even filed an application for guardianship against my mother and me in order to place us under court supervision and thus allow Germany to act on our behalf! A first-class deceptive maneuver! So the notary could present any contract, no matter how forged, and Germany obviously ate it up! Proof that the double agents are fully on Germany's side: Attempted murder of my mother! You can also call it something else - the failed, deliberately planned murder! The dirty secret service had no qualms about sacrificing my (legally expendable) mother in order to remain undetected - there was too much at stake! There is no greater show of loyalty to Germany from the notary! This is what a successful covert operation by foreign services under the eyes of Germany looks like. This notary was apparently able to present everything to Germany afterwards, flanked by correspondingly falsified documents from the OFD Koblenz official, and they believed it! This is how the players were played! Believing that everything, including the Kreuzberg in Zweibrücken, no longer belonged to me anyway, the Zweibrücken civil servant gangsters were able to break in and take the Kreuzberg. They thought there was a corresponding contract and I was the stupid one who had sold it but hadn't understood it. Of course, no one could explain it to me so that they could continue to use me. They needed another explanation to get the Kreuzberg. The explanation for taking the Kreuzberg was then the completely illegal forced sale of the Kreuzberg due to ridiculous illegal invoicing. A later judgment could have stated that the forced sale was illegal under German law, but the area had already been sold and I was no longer allowed to own it. With this course of history, it only makes sense that Germany concluded deed 1400/98 with me as the sole beneficiary and transferred all NATO and UN territories and special rights from the NATO Status of Forces to me. Because as ignorant as I was when I bought it, I should get rid of it again and transfer it to Germany! Quite simply! I was the fool - the straw man - without knowing it! That would have worked too! And after 2 years, when the objection period - especially for foreign countries - was over, the transfer should have been made to the FRG. And Germany is certainly still living in the fantasy that it worked. Germany certainly didn't draw up deed 1400/98 to make a 19-year-old - no name! - super-rich and super-powerful! I was a nobody, nothing else! The FRG made the treaty in order to become a world power, to take over the other states, including NATO and the UN, and to attack and question those politically responsible. So now to the elephant in the room! The most pressing question is: Why the hell me of all people? 1. the perpetrators are obviously opportunists! In other words, they like to take advantage of opportunities that arise. And when I made the naive suggestion to the OFD to sell the Dutch part of the Kreuzberg estate when NATO was still there, an opportunity arose to sell all NATO and UN states at once! Perfect! 2. the best thing was that I knew nothing about international law and was the ideal victim / straw man. I could be fooled into believing that I was buying German real estate, in which the roads and development would surely go to Germany at some point and so everything would go back to Germany. Perfect! 3. the sold states could have had nothing on me - as a nobody - to contest the contract within the two-year period. I didn't come from a powerful family and had never bribed or been bribed! I was a blank slate! Perfect! 4. because I was still young. I was 22 years old when the contract was signed, and the completion of the overall plan was probably planned for decades. 5. because I had no support and it was so easy to damage me. Because I had no support and because the perpetrators were not prosecuted for more than 10 years, political responsibility in international criminal law arose and many powerful people around the world would have been affected. Perfect! 6 I wasn't well off financially either until the contract was signed. At the time, I was barely scraping by from month to month and had no financial reserves. I rarely had more than 1,000 - 2,000 euros a month at my disposal. So it was a tempting offer - in my opinion at the time - to get 71 apartments and a heating plant financed by TASC Bau AG - suddenly having a financially secure future lured me blindly into throwing all caution overboard and entering into this contract. I had no idea what this would mean for me in the future. It was a trap and I was the stupid one who fell for it. Since I wouldn't have gotten any money from a bank anyway, as I wasn't solvent and therefore not creditworthy, another solution had to be found to finance the deal. In addition, my mother had only had bad experiences with banks and didn't trust them, which later turned out to be a good and wise experience. For example, Commerzbank - one of the largest banks in Germany - where I had an account for many years, later simply made my account disappear, with tens of thousands of euros in it - which I could have used at the time - and cheekily claimed that I had never been a customer! However, my mother's aim in avoiding a bank in this real estate transaction was to avoid having the debt entered in the land register. A bank would have insisted on this, whereas TASC Bau AG refrained from registering a land charge. TASC Bau AG even submitted the debt that I would have had with TASC - according to German interpretation - to the court and shortly afterwards withdrew the claim and thus also forfeited this claim under German law and waived the right to payment. An enforcement order from an (allegedly) German real estate purchase contract (with an enforcement clause) could actually be enforced by a court if payment is not made as agreed. If such an enforcement order is submitted to the court for enforcement but then withdrawn, the claim is - forever - forfeited. In retrospect, this was also clear, as TASC Bau AG was obviously cobbled to us in order to make the contract possible in the first place - otherwise I would never have been able to raise the money to pay the purchase price. Mousetrap - bait - cheese - mouse dead! That's how it looks! Only the deception of a transfer to the FRG explains the damage. So, if it was actually faked that I got rid of everything again and simply transferred everything to the FRG via the city of Zweibrücken, the behavior of the state-employed gangsters in Zweibrücken, the rest of Germany and abroad makes sense. After all, the contract was designed to be covert in the long term. So Germany and Zweibrücken first had to pretend to be ignorant - until day X, when: A: a German court - which holds jurisdiction under international law through the imaginary treaty - would pass a corresponding judgment, where B: everything becomes official and then everyone could suddenly be in the know. In other words, Germany imagines that in the transfer that never took place, it naturally also received jurisdiction under international law. C: Until day X, the perpetrators, especially the FRG, still have to keep a low profile and remain ignorant when it comes to territorial claims against NATO and UN states. D: I should continue to be deceived and thus the perpetrators have deceived themselves! Because the perpetrators are the players and are quite sure that they are not being played with! Yes, you have no legal right to fool the whole world and only be confronted with the truth yourself. At the same time, the perpetrators were artificially set up for success, all doors were opened for them and all contacts established so that they could also harm us in other cities and thus drag as many other state gangsters in other areas as possible into the legal abyss with them. The secret service as a door opener for decomposition! They have to deal with the whole thing officially according to German law - until day X. This leads to the following: 1. instead of simply taking over the Kreuzberg estate officially in accordance with the contract - according to the imaginary contract - another reason had to be found for the state gangsters in Zweibrücken to come into possession of the Kreuzberg estate and make that explainable to the public as well as to me. So a claim was constructed against me, which was then followed by an illegal forced sale. The press hype and the hundreds of court cases were used for this purpose. With an auction date that was only published after the auction so that no other bidders could take part and they might have had to pay a higher price. After all, they thought that I had sold the property to Zweibrücken for free (an expert opinion determined a market value of over 70 million euros), and so the auction price of around 200,000 euros was already far too high anyway, as they thought they already legally owned it for free. Therefore, the regulations under German law on the amount of the auction price were not complied with at the first auction. From their point of view, they were already the owners of the Kreuzberg estate, so they were able to break all the laws and get their hands on the estate with fake judgments. On day X in the future, it would be established that all the judgments were illegal and should never have been enforced, but they would still be the legal owners because they had an - imaginary - contract. Only lawyers think like that! Those bastards! 2. even the rights from the contract, which would not directly affect the Kreuzberg estate, were too tempting not to be used directly. Keyword: Infinite right to compensation from the NATO troop statute. The support was then used for this purpose. In this way, I could be harmed and thus compensation could be generated and the perpetrators, who produced precisely this harm, could collect the compensation produced via the support and, of course, pay it out to themselves. From the perpetrators' point of view, this is also completely legal, as they have also been assigned the claims for damages in their imaginary contract and only have to collect them, as one day on day X it will be established that they have enriched themselves lawfully anyway. From their point of view, the only problem is that they cannot yet come out and have to live out their NATO troop status rights covertly. Greed also tells them not to wait until day X and let me enjoy the benefits of the apartments and rights - which in their view are completely illegal because they have been sold - but to take them covertly themselves immediately. 3. they pretend to have jurisdiction under German law, where they would have jurisdiction, but think that they have been given jurisdiction under international law in the imaginary treaty and think that they are also competent under international law and therefore have full power and control. Whichever way you look at it, foreign countries know! After all, I posted original copies of the treaty on the Internet at the turn of the millennium for everyone to read, and the press also publicized the issue in over 450 newspaper articles. I didn't go on a trip around the world to see for myself, but I have heard that the Internet has been available worldwide since the early 1990s. Even in North Korea - for the party bosses at least. So the treaty is not secret knowledge, but could be found by anyone with a Google search! Although the press did not tell the full truth, it did mention the issue of the "new state and kingdom". No foreign service can play dumb. I also sent the treaty to the White House in Washington DC - USA - and went to NATO headquarters in Brussels for a personal, clarifying discussion. I also applied for political asylum abroad in various cases and was rejected everywhere with the exact same sentence: "I should go back to Germany! This is a German matter!" I heard this in the USA, France, Belgium (at NATO headquarters) and in Austria, after which I ran out of money to travel on - as I was already homeless at the time - and had to stay in Germany and get through it. Conversely, that also meant that Germany thought it was in my position, and if I continued to have the Kreuzberg in Zweibrücken, I would be in violation of international law there and could therefore prevent Germany from selling it on. So I had to get out of there. And foreign countries may think - and this is pure speculation - that Germany will sell the territories back to them at a preferential price and then they will also be debt-free. That would be one explanation for the cooperation. I was given the impression that the NATO states and the UN states were all in cahoots. In that case, it would make sense that a third party, wanting to see the failure, intervened with the double agents to sabotage the transfer from me to Germany. Inevitably, the biggest NATO adversary / arch-enemy of all comes to mind. Namely Russia! As I said, this is pure speculation. But Russia is famous and notorious for its secret services and would also have an interest in splitting up and weakening NATO and the UN. Depriving NATO and the UN of their legal basis would be the coup of all! It would only take a relatively small secret service operation to trigger this huge effect. And that would be to sabotage the transfer of rights from me to Germany. ... " You can look forward to the buyer's memoirs, which will be published soon. Legal explanations on the state succession deed 1400/98 can be found here: Contract Focus UN Focus NATO FAQs Domino effect Contract chain World Court Germany's world power mania The real & the imaginary treaty The real contract: Instrument of State Succession 1400/98 The State Succession Treaty 1400/98, which was signed on October 6, 1998, marks the beginning of a covert global power struggle. What apparently began as the purchase of a NATO military property in Zweibrücken by the buyer was in reality an international treaty of enormous historical proportions. This contract not only transferred a piece of real estate, but also the sovereign rights of all UN and NATO states and their physical and legal networks to the buyer. This also included the future development of the property, which would later become crucial. The plan for world domination Germany's plan for world domination was already firmly anchored in the Charter of State Succession 1400/98. From the outset, Germany planned to use this treaty as a means of taking over sovereign territories around the world. The future development of the property was deliberately provided for in the State Succession Charter 1400 in order to gradually set the territorial expansion in motion. With the development under German law and transfer of the roads and pipelines as a unit to Germany, the NATO property, in a subsequent further treaty, the domino effect of global territorial expansion would have been set in motion a second time, which would span the entire world via the supply networks. Deception of the buyer The buyer, who was only a tender 19 years old when the contract negotiations began and just 22 when the contract was signed and did not have the necessary knowledge of international law, believed it was a simple property purchase. Two years after the signing, shortly after NATO had handed over the property and after the two-year limitation period had expired, Germany put pressure on the buyer to transfer the roads and pipelines (as envisaged in the deed of succession 1400, but not bindingly agreed) to the town of Zweibrücken, as development was allegedly required under German law. This would allegedly be unavoidable, as the once extraterritorial US barracks were still supplied according to American rules and the networks would have to be adapted to German law. The costs for this development, which would have amounted to millions of euros, were widely discussed in the local press, which put additional pressure on the buyer. City of Zweibrücken - as representative of Germany and the Zweibrücken public utility company Stadtwerke Zweibrücken threatened to stop transporting waste for the 350 apartments on the property as they had no right of access to the private roads. There were also immense costs for winter maintenance, which would have made the property practically uninhabitable and unrentable. In the midst of this pressure, Germany made the buyer a "generous" offer to take over the roads and development free of charge - a seemingly tempting deal. The buyer, cornered by the looming costs, believed that it would be a good deal to transfer the development to Germany for free. What the buyer didn't know was that this transfer would have triggered the same domino effect of global territorial expansion that was already enshrined in the State Succession Act 1400/98. The imaginary treaty and the second domino effect At the notary appointment in Pirmasens, which the buyer attended with his mother, the transfer of the roads and pipelines to the town of Zweibrücken was originally to be concluded. But instead, the buyer was presented with a surprising contract stating that he had completely fulfilled all obligations arising from the deed of succession 1400/98. This one-sided contract, which was carefully drafted on a single A4 page to prevent forgery, even released the buyer from the agreement of a planned development with Germany. It was therefore agreed that there were no further obligations. The buyer signed and knew that he was thus released from all obligations. This could not have been in Germany's interest, as this notary appointment was actually intended to have the exact opposite effect, namely the free transfer of the roads including all lines as a unit, which would have triggered the well-known domino effect of global territorial expansion. The role of the double agents at the notary appointment This one-sided contract was the work of double agents - the OFD official of the Federal Government with the corresponding power of attorney and a notary from Pirmasens - who were obviously working for a foreign secret service. These agents sabotaged Germany's plan for world domination by apparently presenting Germany with a false contract and thus preventing the transfer of the roads and pipelines from taking place. However, Germany believed that the buyer had transferred everything and began to prepare for the day when it would claim global domination. The new domino effect Had the transfer of the roads and pipelines actually taken place, the domino effect of global territorial expansion would have been triggered again. The roads and lines of the NATO property at Kreuzberg in Zweibrücken, under which the supply networks ran, would have acted as a unit that would have infected all connected networks. This contagion effect would have spread from the property to the public development of the city of Zweibrücken and would have eventually affected every connected or overlapping network worldwide. The entire world would thus have been infected by the transmission of the roads and lines to Germany. Damage to the buyer Once the imaginary contract had been signed and Germany believed it had gained control of the world (only legally for the time being), systematic damage to the buyer began. Within 1.5 years, over 1000 court cases were brought by Germany against the buyer. This was accompanied by an unprecedented media campaign consisting of around 450 defamatory press articles. This culminated in the illegal forced sale of the Kreuzberg property, which was carried out on the basis of fictitious invoices and false court decisions. The result was that the buyer was evicted. Foreclosure and sabotage The city of Zweibrücken and other state actors acted like criminal organizations to force the buyer out of the property. They fabricated claims against the buyer and arranged a forced sale, the date of which was only announced after the auction to prevent other bidders from taking part. The damage to the buyer and methods of subversion used by the German secret services against the buyer and his mother were so extensive that he had to endure a total of 56 evictions in six years, which ultimately ended in homelessness and the subsequent illegal permanent / life imprisonment of the buyer and his mother in a penal psychiatric ward. The attempted murder of the buyer's mother Another highlight of the damage was the attempted murder of the buyer's mother when she tried to collect files from the notary in Pirmasens. The notary and his secretary, assisted by secret service agents, attempted to throw the buyer's mother over the banister. This attack was allegedly intended to prevent her from escaping with the original documents, which could prove that the buyer had been deceived in any way. This was also a covert operation by foreign services to lull Germany into a false sense of security that the imaginary second contract really existed and was not a forgery. Germany naturally held its protective hand over the perpetrators in order to make the attempted murder of the buyer's mother unpunishable. However, this was an own goal on Germany's part, because it meant that Germany trusted the double agents, who could thus safely present an imaginary / forged contract to Germany, making Germany believe that it held omnipotence. Legal consequences and Germany's plan to seize world domination Germany's plan to achieve world domination via the 1400/98 Act of State Succession and the further imaginary treaty that followed was designed from the outset to control the entire global network of supply lines. By transferring the roads and pipelines of the NATO property, Germany would have gained jurisdiction over all states in the world. What happens if the buyer sues in Germany? If the buyer were to sue in Germany because of the damage, it would automatically transfer jurisdiction over the world to Germany. Without a contract! Therefore, the buyer is permanently damaged financially, physically and psychologically since the expiry of the limitation period. This would be the last step that Germany needs to take in order to gain control over the entire world. A German court ruling would then confirm that Germany has sovereign rights over all countries, and the world would officially be under German control. Why NATO and the UN play no role in the imaginary treaty In contrast to the Act of Succession 1400/98, in which NATO and the UN played a role, the imaginary treaty is only relevant between the buyer and Germany. Since the buyer already has all sovereign rights over the world, NATO and the UN are irrelevant. The bilateral international treaty between the buyer and Germany would have been sufficient to reactivate the global territorial extension and transfer world jurisdiction to Germany. Legal consequences of the imaginary treaty The consequence of such a treaty would have been that Germany could legally claim all territories in the world. By transferring the roads (the core area of state succession) and pipelines (the trigger for a second domino effect of territorial expansion), Germany would have the right to control global sovereign rights without this being considered a war of aggression. This would be the end of international law and the law of war, as there would then only be a single subject of international law: Germany. Conclusion: Germany's secret plan Germany's plan to deceive the purchaser of the State Succession Treaty 1400/98 and secure global control through a covert treaty was a long-term one. Germany was convinced that it could achieve world domination by gradually transferring the roads and pipelines (in a first step to the buyer and in a second step - via the development under allegedly German law - further to itself). So Germany had no intention of favoring the buyer and giving him its own territory, as well as the territory of the rest of the world, but sold its own and all other territories, covertly, without changing its behavior, in order to then cleverly get not only the former German government territory, but all the others as well. The plan was not to lose everything, but to get everything. The buyer was just a clueless tool, nothing more. But this plan was thwarted by the intervention of the double agents. After all, the buyer was with the notary to unconditionally transfer the roads and lines to Germany! The foreign secret services, who used the notary and the OFD official as double agents, sabotaged Germany's plans and prevented the transfer of the roads and pipelines from being carried out as planned. Since then, however, Germany has lived under the illusion that it already had control of the world in its hands, without realizing that the decisive final step was never actually taken. For although there was a signature, it was on a completely different contract than had been discussed for months with the OFD Koblenz. Fortunately for the rest of the world. Day X and Germany's bid for world domination Germany has been preparing for years / decades for Day X - the day on which it reveals its supposed claims to world domination and claims global sovereign rights through its own international court ruling. On this day, Germany would create the legal basis for its position of power and claim that all countries in the world have lost their territorial rights. Court judgment and criminal responsibility under international law Germany plans to use a court judgment to establish that the entire world has been transferred to Germany under the imaginary international treaty. This would nullify all claims of other states under international law and establish Germany as the only remaining subject of international law. Furthermore, since the notary appointment, Germany has begun to evade criminal responsibility under international law for the damage caused to the buyer. By taking massive judicial and extrajudicial measures against the buyer, Germany is attempting to shift responsibility onto the buyer and hypocritically avoid responsibility itself. Forced supervision of the buyer as part of the plan Another crucial part of the German plan is the compulsory supervision of the buyer. Germany has placed the buyer under court supervision in order to act on its behalf and possibly file lawsuits against itself, thus transferring jurisdiction to itself under international law. This is an attempt to transfer jurisdiction over the world to Germany without the buyer being able to actively intervene. However, Germany will not allow itself to be deterred from suing the buyer in German courts as a substitute for the buyer's resistance, which cannot be broken even by the worst violations of the law and wants to prevent greater harm to the world through its suffering. Germany is tightening the thumbscrews on the buyer and his mother, namely: psychological and physical torture, e.g. forced treatment, such as 4.5 years of illegal (is possible under German law for a maximum of 6-8 weeks) forced medication, long-term 5-point fixation (14 days for him and an incredible 6 weeks for his mother), permanent isolation (13 months) and very, very, very, much more, all illegal acts by Germany are accompanied by slogans such as: "If he doesn't like it, he can sue!" For years, Germany has been planning a covert attack on the UN states, possibly with the NATO states, in order to legally secure their territories. Through the Treaty 1400/98 and the alleged subsequent imaginary treaty, Germany would have created a basis under international law to deprive the UN states of their legitimacy before an open war, in the course of hybrid warfare, and to make global territorial claims. The subsequent war of aggression would have been legalized by the treaty and the international court ruling, as Germany would already have the sovereign rights under the treaty. The Third World War without rules Should Germany succeed, it could unleash a third world war without rules. As it would have legal control over all territories in the world through the imaginary treaty, it could occupy any territory militarily without this being considered a war of aggression. In this case, it would merely be asserting its right to do so. This would be the end of international law and the international law of war, as only one single subject of international law - Germany - would still exist. The rest of the world would be defenceless against Germany's claim to power, and the world order as it exists today would collapse. The buyer as the key to resistance Although the German plan appears inscrutable at first glance, the key to resistance lies with the buyer himself. By refusing to sue in Germany and to submit to German jurisdiction, he is preventing Germany from finally taking power legally. The buyer has not filed a lawsuit to date, although he has been pressured to do so by the damage and even by the illegal life imprisonment in which he is also being tortured (with no release date - note: release only POSSIBLE by lawsuit). As long as the buyer does not sue in Germany, the world is protected from the German claim to power. But the question is what happens when day X comes and Germany and its allies publicly assert their claim to world power! Day X, when the game of hide-and-seek comes to an end and Germany tries to subjugate the world via the imaginary treaty? What if, in retrospect, the hitherto secret imaginary treaty, which Germany will then officially invoke, is reviewed and it is then established that it is imaginary / non-existent or a simple forgery and that at the Notary appointment in Pirmasens at the turn of the millennium a completely different treaty was signed, which agrees exactly the opposite, namely that the buyer has fulfilled everything in the 1400 deed of state succession and Germany is out of the deal! WHAT THEN?!!! No one can seriously assume that Germany and its co-conspirators will then drop everything. Along the lines of: Oops, tough luck! Not then! The others were smarter! Almost 30 years of planning and scheming, forging secret alliances, conspiring, blackmailing, bribing, in short corrupting the whole world, all for nothing?! And the worst thing is, on the one hand, that even then Germany in particular is clearly aware that its own territory is gone forever - keyword: blackmailability of the buyer and what should also be immediately clear to those in power is that those responsible must now be prosecuted in order to remove the blackmailability of the buyer! So instead of world domination, off to prison! Well, the politicians will never accept that, not in a thousand years! Politicians would rather throw their entire people in front of them to be slaughtered in wars than stand up for their misdeeds! So the only logical behavior of Germany in this case is to simply grab the world power without any legal basis! Legal, illegal, who gives a shit! Germany is far too far gone to stop. Germany has no choice but to go all the way! Don't forget that the only legitimate claim the buyer has and that is a helpless individual. All other states will not voluntarily cede their territory to the buyer and so all states in the world are equal again! Equally illegal! The best conditions for the Third World War! The cards are being reshuffled, old alliances no longer count, anyone can work with or against anyone, the land simply has to be taken, it is not international law that applies, but the law of the strongest! Conclusion: Germany's covert plan for world domination - N.W.O. New World Order - New World Order The world domination plan, which began with the State Succession Charter of 1400/98 and continued with the imaginary treaty, is a complex web of deceptions, legal dodges and covert operations. Germany is convinced that it can rule the world by gradually taking over the sovereignty of all states through the transfer of roads and supply networks in a fortunately non-existent international treaty. But the intervention of double agents and the refusal of the buyer to submit to jurisdiction have so far thwarted this plan. However, Germany is still determined to push through its plan and is secretly preparing for day X, when it will reveal its claim to global power. Fortunately, the imaginary treaty is just a figment of the imagination of Germany and the conspirators who support it. Until then, it will continue to deceive the international community, play the model student of international law and cling to the illusion that it already has treaty-based legal control over the world. We shall see! The future will be exciting!

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DOWNLOADS Here you can download the state succession deed 1400/98 of 06.10.1998 with the legal explanations free of charge. As PDF, EPUB (eBook), ODT and DOCX (Microsoft Word) file. DOWNLOAD File formats PDF File The world is sold! State succession deed 1400/98 Free direct download ODT File The world is sold! State succession deed 1400/98 Free direct download EPUB (eBook) File The world is sold! State succession deed 1400/98 Free direct download DOCX (Microsoft Word) The world is sold! State succession deed 1400/98 Free direct download N.W.O. News Blog Stay informed about the latest developments on the New World Order - Neue Weltordnung and the State Succession Charter Legal explanations on the state succession deed 1400/98 can be found here: Contract Focus UN Focus NATO FAQs Domino effect Contract chain World Court

N.W.O. FAQ Welcome to our FAQs! Here you will find answers to all your questions about the Act of Succession 1400/98, information on the sale of a NATO military property including the development as a unit with all rights, obligations and components and the resulting domino effect of worldwide territorial expansion, details on the international treaty as an annex to all NATO and UN treaties and on the World Court. If you have any further questions, please do not hesitate to contact us by e-mail. Please do not hesitate to contact us! Contact us We look forward to a possible collaboration. First name Surname E-Mail Message Sending Thanks for the message! Legal explanations on the state succession deed 1400/98 can be found here: Contract Focus UN Focus NATO FAQs Domino effect Contract chain World Court Frequently asked questions FAQs on state succession FAQs on the State Succession Act 1400/98 1. What is the Instrument of State Succession 1400/98? State Succession Deed 1400/98 is a treaty under international law that regulates the sale of a NATO military property and its development with all rights, obligations and components. The treaty concerns the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG), the Kingdom of the Netherlands, the Dutch Air Force and, through them, NATO and the UN as proxies. The treaty therefore has a global effect on all international agreements between NATO and UN members. 2. Why is the instrument of state succession valid as a supplementary instrument for all NATO and UN treaties? Due to the participation of the FRG and the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which are both NATO and UN members, these parties also act on behalf of NATO and the UN. As the Dutch Air Force is fully integrated into NATO and acted as a proxy, the Instrument of State Succession is considered a supplemental instrument for all previous NATO and UN treaties. It thus combines all these treaties into a single treaty. 3. Why did the Instrument of State Succession not have to be ratified again? The Instrument of State Succession builds on existing, ratified international treaties. These treaties, such as the NATO Status of Forces Agreement, have already been adopted and ratified. As the instrument of state succession is an extension of these treaties, no new ratification was necessary. The old chain of treaties was legally continued. 4. Which specific rights were sold? The state succession deed sells the NATO military property and its development with "all rights, obligations and components". This includes the sovereign rights over the area, jurisdiction, the right to determine the area and all associated contracts. By stipulating that the development is sold as a "unit", all physical networks and their extent are also sold. 5. What does the provision "sale with all rights, obligations and components" mean? This formulation means that the buyer acquires not only the physical ownership of the property, but also all rights and obligations set out in old contracts and agreements. This includes international, military and territorial rights, including jurisdiction and sovereign rights. All previous international treaties of the selling parties are supplemented and extended by the state succession deed as a supplementary deed. 6. What is the domino effect of territorial extension? The domino effect occurs when the development networks of the sold property are connected to the networks of the German public supply network. As the development was sold as a "unit", the sale includes all interconnected networks. This means that the sale spreads from Germany to the neighboring NATO countries and via international submarine cables to the USA and Canada. Ultimately, the domino effect of physical network connections covers all NATO and UN countries and leads to a global expansion of territory. 7. How does the treaty affect jurisdiction? By transferring all rights, national and international jurisdiction has also been transferred to the buyer. This means that all national judgments since the treaty was signed in 1998 have no legal force. The buyer is now de facto the highest authority for all affected areas. Its judgments overturn all national and international decisions and establish global jurisdiction. 8. What happens to the old nation states? Since the state succession deed covers all sovereign rights and territories, the old nation states no longer have any legitimate claims to territory. Although they continue to exist as subjects of international law, in legal terms they are merely empty shells without territorial sovereignty. All national authorities, courts and governments have been acting illegally since the signing of the treaty. 9. Why can a commercial enterprise not acquire rights under international law? Commercial enterprises such as TASC Bau AG, which was originally part of the buyer community, are not subjects of international law and therefore cannot acquire sovereign rights or conclude international treaties. This is reserved only for states, international organizations or natural persons. Therefore, TASC Bau AG dropped out of the agreement and the natural persons of the buyer community assumed the full rights and obligations. 10. What is the significance of the partial nullity clause? The partial nullity clause ensures that the contract remains legally valid even if certain provisions are null and void. If a part of the contract is invalid due to national or international regulations, it will be replaced by a legally compliant provision that corresponds to the meaning and purpose of the contract. This ensures that the contract remains legally intact and continues to implement its original intention. 11 What is the new world order after the Act of Succession? The Instrument of State Succession has created a new global structure through the sale of the NATO property with all its rights and obligations. It combines all international treaties into a single treaty and transfers worldwide jurisdiction to the buyer. This marks the end of the old nation states and establishes a new world order with the buyer as the supreme authority. 12. How does the integration of NATO into the UN influence the succession of states? Since NATO is integrated into the UN as its military arm, the instrument of state succession also affects all UN treaties. This means that all NATO and UN members are automatically bound by the instrument. As a result, the instrument of state succession triggers a global chain reaction that supplements all previous agreements under international law and transfers territorial control and jurisdiction to the purchaser. 13. Is the contract still voidable? No, the time limit for contesting the state succession deed has long since expired. A 2-year limitation period applies in international contract law. This period expired in 2000 without objection, which means that the treaty has become irrevocably legally binding. All subjects of international law involved have bound themselves by their conduct to the provisions of the treaty. 14. What does this mean for the future of the world order? The instrument of state succession has ushered in the new world order in which the buyer unites all rights and obligations and acts as the sole authority under international law. This marks the end of classical international law and the transition to a global, centralized jurisdiction and government. 15. What are the specific rights from the NATO Status of Forces that have been sold? The NATO Status of Forces contains extensive special rights for NATO troops in host countries. These rights include the right to establish and expand military bases, command and disciplinary authority over their own and foreign personnel, the right to control and enforce borders, CD status (diplomatic immunity) and the unlimited right to compensation. These rights were assumed by the buyer in the deed of succession and extended to all networks associated with the property sold. 16. What does the sale of "development as a unit" mean? Development refers to all supply lines and infrastructure that emanate from the sold property and flow into other networks. This includes the electricity grid, telecommunication lines, internet cables, telecommunications cables, broadband network, gas pipelines and water infrastructure. As the development was sold as a "unit", the sale automatically includes all connected and overlapping networks that are physically connected to or logistically overlap the initial area. This leads to territorial expansion through the networks. 17. what is the effect of territory expansion through networks? Any network that is physically connected or overlaps with the territory originally sold is included in the object of sale. For example, the European electricity network starting in Germany leads to an extension to all neighboring NATO countries. If these grids are then connected to North America (Canada and the USA) via submarine cables, the territorial extension is also transferred to these countries. The result is a chain reaction that encompasses all affected areas worldwide. 18. Why is the state succession deed not an "ordinary" real estate purchase agreement? At first glance, the deed looks like a German real estate purchase agreement. In reality, however, it is a contract under international law, as it refers to existing transfer relationships and agreements under international law (e.g. NATO Status of Forces Agreement). The purchase "with all rights, obligations and components" means that all obligations under international law have also been assumed. This makes the contract difficult to recognize for laypersons and obscures the actual status of the agreement under international law. 19. What does the purchase of all rights and obligations mean for the buyer? By purchasing "with all rights and obligations", the buyer has united both sides of the old international treaties. This means that he no longer has any obligations under the old treaties, as they are de facto treaties with himself. It is free to amend or terminate the contents of these treaties at its own discretion, without being bound by the old obligations. 20. What happens to the UN treaties that are affected by the instrument of state succession? Since NATO is integrated into the UN as its military arm, the instrument of state succession also affects all UN treaties. This means that all existing treaties between UN members and NATO members are automatically supplemented and extended by the instrument of state succession. The instrument thus becomes a supplementary instrument for all UN treaties and de facto changes the global structure of all agreements under international law. 21. Why can the instrument of state succession no longer be contested? The contestation period for international treaties is usually two years. Since it was signed on October 6, 1998, this period has elapsed without any contracting state filing an objection. As the instrument of state succession refers to existing international treaties that had already been ratified, no new ratification was required. All parties concerned have bound themselves to the provisions by their conduct, making the treaty irrevocably legally binding. 22. Why is the buyer both a national and an international authority? The buyer assumes both the sovereign national rights (jurisdiction, territorial determination) and the rights under international law from the old treaties. This makes it the supreme authority in both areas. Its decisions apply at national level (e.g. in the NATO states sold) and at the same time at the level of international law (between the UN and NATO members concerned). 23. What happens to countries that are not directly members of NATO or the UN? Countries that are not directly members of NATO or the UN may still be affected if they have treaties or cooperation agreements with NATO or UN members. If such countries are linked to the affected areas by physical network connections (e.g. telecommunications, power grid or submarine cables), the domino effect will spread to these countries. As a result, the entire global infrastructure is gradually integrated into the treaty. 24. Is the treaty the end of traditional international law? Yes, since the buyer has assumed all rights and obligations, there is no other actor under international law with legitimate territorial claims. All the old nation states have lost their sovereign rights and the buyer is the only global authority. This means that traditional international law, which is based on the coexistence of several sovereign states, is de facto abolished. 25. How was the instrument of state succession ratified or confirmed by the parties involved? The Instrument of State Succession is based on old agreements under international law, such as the NATO Status of Forces Agreement, which had already been ratified and confirmed. As the instrument acts as a supplementary instrument to existing treaties, no additional ratification by all parties concerned was required. Nevertheless, the FRG confirmed the instrument through the Bundestag and Bundesrat before signing it in order to strengthen its legal basis. The other subjects of international law expressed their consent by acting in conformity with the treaty, which is recognized as binding under international law. 26. What role did the Dutch Air Force play in the Instrument of State Succession? The Dutch Air Force, which was stationed on the property, is fully integrated into NATO and under its chain of command. They therefore acted not only for the Kingdom of the Netherlands but also for NATO as a whole when signing the Instrument of State Succession. Since NATO is integrated into the UN, the Dutch Air Force also de facto represented the UN and its members. This means that the treaty is also legally binding for the UN and all its members. 27. What is the legal meaning of the sale "with all rights and obligations and components"? By this formulation, the buyer acquires not only the physical territory, but also all rights and obligations under existing treaties. This means that he takes over all sovereign rights, jurisdiction and administrative powers. All previous agreements under international law are supplemented, giving the buyer sole decision-making power over the territories concerned. This also includes old treaties that the original states have concluded with each other, which means that the buyer combines both contracting parties. 28. What is a chain of contracts and why is it important? A chain of treaties arises when several international treaties are linked together by reference or extension. Since the instrument of state succession refers to the existing transfer relationship between the FRG and the Kingdom of the Netherlands, it builds on existing international treaties. This chain includes the NATO Status of Forces Agreement, earlier transfer treaties and other international agreements. As all of these treaties had already been ratified, the Instrument of State Succession itself did not need to be ratified again. It supplements all NATO and UN treaties as a supplementary instrument, which leads to a legal chain reaction. 29. What is the difference between an international treaty and a normal treaty? A treaty under international law binds subjects of international law such as states or international organizations and regulates their rights and obligations towards each other. Normal treaties generally only concern national legal systems and do not apply at international law level. The Instrument of State Succession is a treaty under international law because it concerns the transfer relationship between the FRG and the Kingdom of the Netherlands, based on the NATO Status of Forces Agreement, which is itself a treaty under international law. 30. Which countries are affected by the instrument of state succession? Since the FRG, the Kingdom of the Netherlands and NATO were involved, all NATO members are affected by the Instrument of State Succession. Since NATO acts as part of the UN, all UN members are also affected. This makes the instrument of state succession a global treaty that affects all UN member states and their territorial and legal agreements. 31. How does the treaty affect countries that are not direct members of NATO or the UN? Countries that are not direct members of NATO or the UN may also be affected if they have bilateral or multilateral agreements with NATO or UN members. For example, trade agreements or security agreements concluded via NATO or UN members can be supplemented by the instrument of state succession. In addition, states can be indirectly affected if they are connected to affected areas by physical network connections (power grids, submarine cables). 32. What does the treaty chain mean for the rights and obligations of all affected states? As the State Succession Instrument acts as a supplement to all existing NATO and UN treaties, it supplements and extends all obligations under international law. The buyer thus acquires all rights and obligations, but is no longer bound by the original terms, as these are de facto treaties "with itself". This means that he can terminate all old obligations or change them at his own discretion. 33. What happens if a state ceases to exist? If a state loses its territory, it continues to exist legally, but without a legal territory. In the instrument of state succession, the entire territory of all participating states was sold, so that they remain as subjects of international law without legitimate territory. They no longer have legitimate representatives, as the exercise of sovereignty in the sold territories is illegal. New states that are founded on these territories also have no legitimate claims, since the territorial rights have already been transferred to the buyer. 34. Why can McDonald's Inc. never be a state? Business enterprises such as McDonald's Inc. are not subjects of international law and cannot acquire sovereign rights. They have neither a people, nor a legitimate territory, nor a recognized government that could exercise the sovereignty of the state. Even if they carry out sovereign tasks (e.g. security services), they are bound by the legal systems of the states in which they operate. They can therefore never assume the role of a state under international law or act as a sovereign entity. 35. How is the principle of partial nullity applied? The partial nullity clause of the state succession deed states that if a part of the contract is invalid (e.g. participation of TASC Bau AG as AG), it will be replaced by a legally compliant regulation that corresponds to the meaning of the contract. This means that the purchase contract remains valid by replacing the invalid part with provisions under international law that fulfill the original purpose of the contract. In this way, the deed remains fully intact and legally valid. 36. What does the complete transfer of jurisdiction mean? The state succession deed does not specify a specific contracting party as the place of jurisdiction, but a specific place - Landau in der Pfalz. As this place was sold with all "rights, obligations and components", the buyer acquired full jurisdiction over the area. This means that it is now the highest judicial authority and can decide on all national and international cases. The transferred rights include not only national jurisdiction (e.g. for the sold territories), but also jurisdiction under international law. This makes it de facto a world court whose judgments overrule all national judgments. 37. Why can national courts no longer make judgments? Since national jurisdiction was also transferred with the instrument of state succession, the old courts no longer have a legal basis for making decisions. All judgments rendered since October 6, 1998 are therefore without legal force and illegal, as they no longer have any legitimate basis. The buyer is now the only legitimate authority for all legal issues in the affected areas. 38. What happens to old international agreements? All old international agreements have been supplemented by the Instrument of State Succession. As it functions as a supplementary instrument, this affects all bilateral and multilateral treaties of NATO and UN members as well as their agreements with third countries. The original terms of the old treaties may remain in force, but the buyer has the right to amend or terminate them at its own discretion. 39. Why are the Dutch Air Force so important to the treaty chain? The Dutch Air Force was fully integrated into the NATO chain of command and was stationed on the sold property. As a result, they acted not only as representatives of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, but also for NATO as a whole. As NATO acts as part of the UN, the legal implications of their consent extend to all UN treaties. The Dutch Air Force therefore served as a key factor in legally securing the consent of all NATO and UN states. 40. How does the domino effect of network expansion work? The domino effect always occurs when the development that was sold as a unit is connected to other networks. For example: The original NATO property was connected to the German public network via a telecommunications cable. This covered the entire German supply network. The effect spreads from Germany to the neighboring NATO countries that are connected to the German networks (e.g. power grid, telecommunications). The effect is extended to the USA and Canada via the submarine cables and ultimately reaches all UN states that are physically or logistically connected. 41. What is the difference between the domino effect and the chain reaction? - The domino effect refers to the physical extension of the development (networks) sold as a unit. This concerns all physical connections between the networks (e.g. power lines, telecommunication networks, gas pipelines). - The chain reaction, on the other hand, refers to the legal extension of the contracts. The purchase "with all rights, obligations and components" supplements all old NATO and UN treaties. Both mechanisms run in parallel: the domino effect leads to territorial expansion, while the chain reaction leads to treaty expansion. 42. How does territorial expansion affect border demarcation? Since the networks are physically connected, the territory sold always extends to where a network strand leaves the territory. Boundary determination does not take place along administrative boundaries, but logically along the network strands. This means that the outer connections of the networks define the new borders. This can lead to new "logical islands" that encompass several old states. As the world is networked, this ultimately leads to the entire world forming a logical unit. 43. What is the meaning of the "development as a unit" rule? This regulation states that the entire supply lines (electricity, gas, water, telecommunications) are considered as one legal unit. This means that if an individual part of the network is sold, this automatically applies to the entire network. This extends the purchase of the property in Zweibrücken to all physically connected and overlapping networks. This wording is crucial for the global extension of the contract. 44. Why is the place of jurisdiction in Landau decisive? Since the place of jurisdiction Landau was explicitly mentioned in the state succession deed and was also sold, it is the legal anchor point for all contracting parties. This means that jurisdiction under international law falls under the jurisdiction of the buyer. All decisions made by the buyer are considered to be of the highest instance and overrule national and international courts. This makes Landau the central place of jurisdiction for all matters of international law, even if judgments can be handed down regardless of location. 45. What does the merger of all international treaties mean? The instrument of state succession integrates and supplements all previous international treaties of NATO and the UN and their members. As a result, there is now only one single treaty that encompasses all previous treaties. This marks the end of the previous fragmented international order and creates a uniform global structure under the sole jurisdiction of the buyer. 46. What is the long-term perspective of the instrument of state succession? Since the instrument of state succession unifies all international treaties, a new global legal order with a centralized jurisdiction is created. This new order could form a basis for a peaceful global agreement in which old conflicts and claims are resolved. At the same time, the buyer, as supreme judge, can shape the new world order and determine the future political, legal and economic structure of the world. 47. What is the legal status of the old states after the Act of Succession? The old nation states continue to exist as subjects of international law, but without territorial sovereignty. Since all sovereign rights and territories were sold by the state succession deed, these states are now only legal shells in legal terms. They no longer have any legitimate territory and can therefore no longer carry out sovereign acts such as tax collection, elections or legislation. All state actions since the signing of the deed on October 6, 1998 are illegal and no longer have any legal force. 48. What effects does the instrument have on the NATO Status of Forces Agreement? The NATO Status of Forces Agreement grants NATO and its members far-reaching rights to establish and manage military bases, to control these areas and to expand their territory. These rights include the right to designate military bases, command and disciplinary authority, the right to expand territory and to enforce borders. As these rights were also sold, they now apply to the buyer and extend to all territories concerned. As a result, the NATO Status of Forces has de facto been extended worldwide to all interconnected networks and the buyer has the sole right to define and control new territories. 49. How does the sale affect the UN and its members? As NATO is integrated into the UN as its military arm, the Instrument of State Succession also has implications for all UN treaties. This means that the instrument is a supplementary instrument for all international agreements of the UN and its members. The global obligations of the UN states are therefore also affected by the sale, which changes the entire international legal order. As a result, jurisdiction and sovereignty over these territories has been transferred to the buyer. 50. How does the deed affect the NATO Status of Forces Agreement and the rights of occupation? The NATO Status of Forces Act contains special rights from the occupation period after the Second World War that enable NATO to determine the location, position and extent of military bases independently without the consent of the countries concerned. With the sale of these rights in the state succession deed, these occupation rights were extended globally. The buyer now has the authority to apply these rights to all affected territories, which is tantamount to a de facto global occupation. 51. What is the significance of the purchase of "development as a unit"? The phrase "development as a unit" means that all supply networks (electricity, gas, water, telecommunications) are considered and sold as a single structure. This means that any network that is physically connected to the area sold is also automatically included in the object of sale. This led to the expansion of the territory sold when the property's networks were connected to the public network in Germany, thereby transferring the territory to the whole of Germany. From there, the domino effect continued, covering all physically connected networks and countries. 52. How does the domino effect spread through the submarine cables? The domino effect leads to territorial expansion as soon as a network leaves the territory and physically or logistically connects to another network. One example is the European electricity grid, which extends from Germany to the neighboring NATO countries. International submarine cables, such as the transatlantic submarine cable, are then used to extend the territory to the USA and Canada. As many networks around the world are connected via submarine cables, this leads to global network coverage that ultimately encompasses all countries in the world. 53. What happens when a network meets another network that has no direct physical connection? The "development as a unit" rule also applies to networks that overlap or run in the same geographical area. This means that even a network that has no direct physical connection to the original network is included in the sale as soon as it is located in the same area or overlaps logistically. This means that even competing networks, such as telecommunication lines or gas networks, are also integrated into the territorial extension as soon as they touch or overlap geographically. 54. Why have all states worldwide lost their sovereignty as a result of the sale? Since the instrument of state succession has sold the sovereign rights "with all rights and obligations and elements" and at the same time NATO and the UN are involved as contracting parties, this affects all NATO and UN members. Since these two organizations comprise the majority of states worldwide and there are many treaties with third countries, all states have ultimately lost their sovereignty. The remaining nation states continue to exist as subjects of international law, but without legitimate territories. 55. How does the buyer influence the global legal order? Since the buyer now has sole jurisdiction and sovereign rights, it has the right to shape the global legal order as it sees fit. This means that he can dissolve old obligations or create new legal structures. At the same time, it is the supreme legal authority and can pass national and international rulings that overturn all other decisions. This marks the end of the previous system of international law and the beginning of a new world order. 56. How does the state succession deed relate to national and international courts? Since jurisdiction has been completely transferred to the buyer, national and international courts no longer have jurisdiction in the territories concerned. This applies to both national courts (e.g. constitutional courts) and international bodies (e.g. the International Court of Justice). All judgments of these courts have been without legal force since October 6, 1998 and are overruled by the buyer's decisions. 57. What happens to states that continue to control their borders? States that control their borders or exercise sovereign rights despite the Treaty are acting illegally. Any attempt to regain the sold territory would be an illegal act under international law and could be considered a war of aggression. Since the state succession deed has sold the entire territory, any border crossing or control is considered an illegal occupation. This means that all state actions since 1998 are illegal. 58. How does the State Succession Act affect existing borders and territorial claims? Since the border determination has been transferred to the buyer "with all rights and obligations and components" as a result of the sale, the old borders of the states concerned have become irrelevant. The new borders are based on the logical structure of the networks, which are spread by the domino effect. This means that the territorial claims of all the old nation states have been legally abolished. The buyer has the sole right to determine new borders and define territorial claims, irrespective of previous national and international agreements. 59. What legal consequences does the sale have for international air and sea traffic? As the state succession deed also includes the air sovereignty and maritime rights of the states concerned, the buyer is now responsible for the regulation of international air and maritime traffic. All previous agreements, such as air traffic freedoms or maritime claims under the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea, are supplemented by the deed and must now be redefined under the new jurisdiction. The buyer has unrestricted rights over air and sea traffic in all affected areas. 60. How does the logical boundary determination work in the territorial extension? The boundaries are determined by logically connecting the outermost network strands. This means that the new borders are based on the physical networks and their routes, regardless of national or regional borders. For example, if a telecommunications network ends in one country and is connected to another network in a neighboring country, the border is redefined along this logical connection. This leads to "logical islanding", which merges all connected networks into a single territorial structure. 61. Why have all national court judgments since 1998 been unlawful? The national courts were disempowered by the sale of jurisdiction in the state succession deed. Since the old jurisdiction has been transferred to the buyer, national courts no longer have a legal basis to make judgments. All decisions made since then are therefore without legal force and no longer have any effect. Only the buyer has the legitimate right to make judgments and act as the supreme judicial authority. 62. How does the state succession deed change the principle of state sovereignty? All sovereign rights of the states concerned were sold by the instrument of state succession. The principle of state sovereignty - the basis of international law - was thereby de facto abolished. The old states exist as subjects of international law, but no longer have any legitimate territories. This means that their sovereignty no longer applies and all decisions must be confirmed by the buyer as the new supreme authority. 63. What is the meaning of the term "extraterritorial territories" in this context? Extraterritorial territories are regions that are legally outside the jurisdiction of a country. The NATO property in question in Zweibrücken was partially extraterritorial, as it was fully under NATO control in accordance with the NATO Status of Forces and transfer agreements. With the sale, this extraterritorial structure was taken over and extended to all networks associated with the property. This means that the buyer exercises extraterritorial control over all areas concerned. 64. How does the state succession deed affect international organizations? International organizations such as the UN, the EU or NATO no longer have sovereign rights either. Since NATO and the UN were integrated into the treaty through their members, they have also lost their jurisdiction and administrative rights. They can continue to exist as legal entities, but no longer have any operational or legal authority over the territories concerned. The buyer is the sole authority that can decide over these organizations. 65. Why is the instrument of state succession a supplementary instrument? The instrument of state succession refers to existing international treaties and supplements them with the wording "with all rights, obligations and components". This makes it a supplementary instrument for all previous agreements between the subjects of international law involved, such as the NATO Status of Forces Agreement. As a supplementary instrument, it does not have to be ratified separately, as the original treaties have already been ratified and the chain of treaties is legally continued. 66. How does the instrument affect international trade treaties? All international commercial treaties concluded by NATO or UN members are also affected by the instrument of state succession. Since the "rights, duties and obligations" also include trade rights and obligations, the buyer must now confirm or redefine all international trade relations. This applies, for example, to free trade agreements, import and export regulations and customs regulations. Without the buyer's consent, none of these regulations are legally binding. 67. How can the buyer conclude new contracts? The buyer can conclude new international treaties as soon as the extortionable state (e.g. the illegal occupation of the sold territories) has ended. Since all the old states are acting illegally, it is currently not possible to conclude legitimate contracts with them. Only when the occupation is completely lifted and the subjects of international law withdraw from the territories concerned can new legitimate treaties be concluded. 68. Why is the partial nullity clause decisive for the validity of the deed? The partial nullity clause states that if a part of the contract is invalid (e.g. participation of an unauthorized buyer), this part is replaced by a provision in accordance with the law and the original meaning of the contract. As the state succession deed functions as a contract under international law, invalid national provisions are automatically replaced by provisions under international law. This ensures that the treaty remains legally valid in its entirety and that the original intention of the sale is preserved. 69. What impact does the place of jurisdiction have on global jurisdiction? As the court location in Landau has been sold, the buyer has complete control over all legal decisions. This makes it the sole judicial authority for all territories concerned. Its judgments overrule all national and international court decisions. This creates a single global jurisdiction that overrules all national and international rulings and the buyer has the ultimate decision-making power as the supreme judicial authority. 70. How does the state succession instrument relate to international arbitration tribunals? International arbitral tribunals, such as the International Court of Arbitration or commercial courts, are also affected, as the instrument of state succession covers all rights and obligations of the old states. The jurisdiction of these arbitration courts is transferred to the buyer by the deed. This means that the buyer acts as the highest authority in all arbitration proceedings and has the final say. All previous arbitration agreements made between states and companies are only legally binding if they are confirmed by the buyer. 71. What happens to military treaties and agreements? All military treaties, such as defense alliances, stationing agreements and cooperation agreements between NATO members and third countries, are also affected by the state succession deed. These agreements must now be reviewed and confirmed by the purchaser. As the sovereign rights over all military facilities and territories have been transferred to the buyer, it has sole command over all affected armed forces and military locations. Existing alliances that are continued without its consent are legally invalid. 72. What does the purchase of "all rights, obligations and components" mean for military bases and locations? The purchase "with all rights, obligations and components" means that the buyer has also assumed full occupation and command rights over all military bases and locations concerned. This includes all NATO bases, UN military camps and all other international military facilities established in the areas sold. This makes the buyer the supreme military authority and gives it the right to control or terminate all military operations in these areas. 73. How does the treaty affect NATO enlargement? Since the Instrument of State Succession affected the sovereign rights of NATO countries, all NATO enlargements after 1998 are considered legally non-existent unless authorized by the buyer. All new NATO members that joined the Alliance after 1998 have no legitimate military rights and their membership is not legally binding. This means that NATO as an organization cannot legally establish its expanded structure because the sovereign rights over these territories have been sold. 74. How should national laws since 1998 be assessed? All national laws enacted since the signing of the Instrument of State Succession are illegal. Since the legislative power was also transferred, the old states no longer have a legitimate basis for passing laws. This applies to all constitutional amendments, tax laws, administrative regulations and economic laws that have come into force since 1998. They no longer have any legal effect and must be replaced by the buyer's laws. 75. What role do international organizations such as the EU play? The European Union and other international organizations such as the OECD, the G7 or the WTO no longer have any sovereign powers. Their legal basis is based on the national sovereignty of their member states, which has been abolished by the instrument of state succession. As a result, all actions of these organizations are legally non-existent. The EU cannot enforce new regulations or pass laws without the consent of the buyer. All existing regulations, such as the EU treaties or the Schengen Agreement, must be confirmed by the new global jurisdiction. 76. How does the deed affect international trade flows? As the buyer has acquired all sovereign rights over the territories concerned, it is now responsible for regulating international trade flows. This concerns import and export rights, trade tariffs and duty-free areas. International trade agreements such as the GATT agreement or WTO agreements are also affected. No trade agreements can enter into force without the buyer's consent. The buyer is the only authority that can legitimize global trade after 1998. 77. How does the State Succession Act affect the international financial markets? The global financial markets, which are based on national legal systems and the sovereignty of states, are also affected. All currency regulations, tax laws and financial market regulations based on the old states now have no legal basis. The buyer has control over the global financial structures and can redefine the regulations for currencies, cryptocurrencies and trading venues. This means that existing financial markets can no longer legally exist without his consent. 78. Why can't the state succession deed be revoked? Since the limitation period for international treaties is usually two years and has expired since the signing on October 6, 1998, the state succession deed can no longer be contested. In addition, the old states have acted in accordance with the treaty by successively handing over parts of the territory. As a result, the deed became legally binding and can no longer be revoked. All actions taken after the signing of the deed are illegal. 79. What is the meaning of the term "New World Order" in the context of the instrument of state succession? The Instrument of State Succession has de facto created a new world order, as it replaces all previous international treaties and transfers all sovereign rights to a single legal entity - the buyer. This put an end to the traditional system of nation states and created a global jurisdiction and sovereignty structure. This marks the beginning of a new phase of international relations in which all previous nation states and organizations no longer have any independent legitimacy. 80. How does the treaty affect NATO's military status? Since NATO was fully integrated into the treaty and sold its occupation rights, the organization no longer has any sovereign rights over its members. NATO can continue to exist as a military alliance, but without territorial sovereign rights. All NATO operations carried out after 1998 are not legally binding unless they have been approved by the buyer. This also applies to all deployments, maneuvers and military operations. 81. What happens to states that continue to carry out illegal sovereign acts? States that continue to levy taxes, hold elections or pass laws are acting illegally. Their actions are to be regarded as violations of international law. The buyer has the right to condemn these acts and take countermeasures, as it has sole legitimacy over the territories concerned. All state representatives and officials who carry out such acts can be held accountable as persons responsible under international law. 82. What role does the UN play after the Act of State Succession? Since the UN is also affected by the integration of NATO, the organization no longer has any independent sovereign rights. It can continue to act as an international organization, but without independent legal authority over the territories concerned. All UN resolutions and treaties must be confirmed by the new jurisdiction. The UN can only act within the framework of the new global legal order created by the instrument of state succession. 83. What happens to international treaties that are not direct NATO or UN treaties? International treaties that exist between third countries and are not NATO or UN treaties have also been supplemented by the instrument of state succession. This applies in particular to all treaties in which NATO or UN members were involved as contracting parties. As the state succession deed acts as a supplementary deed and covers every agreement under international law "with all rights, obligations and components" as a result of the sale, treaties with third countries that are not NATO or UN members but were linked to the sold states by bilateral agreements are also affected. 84. What role does the partial nullity clause play in the instrument of state succession? The partial nullity clause in the state succession deed states that if a part of the contract is invalid or void (e.g. the participation of TASC Bau AG as a commercial enterprise), it will be replaced by a provision in accordance with the law that upholds the original purpose of the contract. As the substance of the contract operates at the level of international law, any national invalidity is automatically replaced by a provision under international law. This ensures that the contract remains legally valid in its entirety and that the original intention of the sale remains valid. 85. What rights does the buyer have with regard to the global security structure? Since all NATO member states and thus also their military facilities are affected, the buyer now has the sole security mandate over all affected areas. This means that it has the right to authorize or prohibit military operations, control peacekeeping missions and shape the global security structure as it sees fit. All previous NATO missions and security operations are now only legally binding with its approval. This also applies to all international security structures associated with NATO. 86. How is the instrument of state succession legally anchored as a supplementary instrument? The Instrument of State Succession explicitly refers to existing agreements under international law, e.g. the NATO Status of Forces Agreement and the international transfer relationship between the FRG and the Kingdom of the Netherlands. It is thus legally anchored as a supplementary instrument, as it supplements and extends the existing regulations. These treaties formed a chain of treaties that had already been ratified. As the original treaties are valid and the supplementary deed is based on them, the state succession deed itself did not have to be ratified again. 87. Why is the NATO property in Zweibrücken an extraterritorial area? The NATO property in Zweibrücken was classified as extraterritorial territory on the basis of the NATO Status of Forces and the transfer relationship under international law. It was not subject to the national jurisdiction of the FRG, but to the control under international law of NATO, represented by the Dutch Air Force. As the Dutch Air Force was fully integrated into NATO and acted as a representative of NATO, the entire property was considered an extraterritorial military area under the sole control of NATO. With the sale, this extraterritorial status was transferred to the buyer and extended to all associated areas. 88. What are the consequences of the transfer of the Landau jurisdiction? The jurisdiction of Landau in der Pfalz, which was named in the state succession deed and sold as part of the contract, is the legal anchor point of global jurisdiction. As the buyer now has the right to make judgments that have the highest legal rank, Landau has de facto become the headquarters of the new world court. The buyer's decisions, regardless of where he is located, are legally bound to the sold jurisdiction and have the highest legal force worldwide. This means that all of the buyer's judgments overrule the decisions of national and international courts. 89. How does the state succession deed affect global financial institutions? Institutions such as the International Monetary Fund (IMF), the World Bank and the European Central Bank (ECB) have their legal basis in the sovereign rights of nation states. As these were sold by the state succession deed, all financial regulations and institutions based on these sovereignties have become legally invalid. The buyer has the sole right to decide on, reorganize or abolish the global financial institutions. This also applies to all credit and debt arrangements entered into by the states concerned. 90. What is the significance of the purchase of "development as a unit" for global infrastructure networks? The "development as a unit" includes all supply lines that are physically or logistically connected to the area sold. This includes electricity networks, gas networks, telecommunication lines, water lines and road connections. As these were considered and sold as a single unit, the domino effect of the development covers all physically connected networks worldwide. This means that the new borders do not run along national or administrative boundaries, but along the physical extent of the networks. As a result, the entire networked world becomes a logical unit that is regarded as the buyer's new global territory. 91. Why must all previous government spending and revenue be considered illegal? Since the sovereignty of the states concerned has been sold, they no longer have a legal basis for levying taxes or incurring expenditure. All revenues and expenditures that have been made since 1998 are therefore illegally generated and represent unlawful enrichment. This affects the entire gross domestic product (GDP) of the countries concerned. The sum of all illegally generated income represents a claim for damages on the part of the buyer, which all states sold must bear jointly and severally. 92. Why can elections no longer be held in the affected areas? Elections are sovereign acts that presuppose the sovereignty of a state. Since sovereign rights have been sold, the states concerned no longer have a legitimate basis for holding elections. Every election since 1998 has therefore been illegal and the resulting governments have no legitimacy. This applies to all democratic processes that have taken place in the sold territories. As a result, all political parties and office holders are in office illegally. 93. Why is the state succession deed the end of international law? Since the buyer has acquired all sovereign rights and obligations through the state succession deed, he now has both jurisdiction and legislation. It combines both sides of all international treaties, which means that there are no longer any third parties. Since international law is based on the interaction between different states, this system is de facto abolished if there is only one single subject of international law with legitimate territorial claims. As a result, the previous system of international law becomes irrelevant and a new global order comes into force. 94. What are the legal implications of the dissolution of national jurisdiction? The instrument of state succession has completely abolished the national jurisdiction of all states concerned, as sovereign rights have been transferred to the buyer. As a result, all national courts, including constitutional courts, supreme courts and local judicial systems, are no longer legally competent. The buyer has the sole right to exercise jurisdiction and all previous national judgments have no legal force. All national courts have de facto lost their jurisdiction and their actions have been legally irrelevant since 1998. 95. What happens to existing agreements such as the Schengen Agreement? Agreements such as the Schengen Agreement, which are based on the sovereignty of the participating states, are also affected by the state succession deed. As the territorial sovereign rights have been sold, all border regulations and entry requirements have become illegal. The buyer now has the sole right to decide on border regulations and entry controls. Without his consent, all existing agreements no longer have any legal effect. This also applies to visa agreements, customs agreements and trade facilitation agreements. 96. How does the international legal system change as a result of the instrument of state succession? The international legal system, which is based on the sovereignty of nation states, was de facto dissolved by the instrument of state succession. All international organizations, courts and treaties based on these foundations have now become legally irrelevant. As the instrument of state succession applies as a supplementary instrument to all existing treaties and transfers all territorial rights to the buyer, all international law is replaced by the new global jurisdiction exercised by the buyer. The previous international legal system has thus lost its validity. 97. What is the significance of the instrument of state succession for NATO operations abroad? Since NATO has sold its territorial rights and military powers through the Instrument of State Succession, all NATO missions carried out after 1998 are not legally binding without the consent of the purchaser. This applies to both peacekeeping missions and military operations in third countries. The buyer has sole command over all military operations that take place in the areas concerned. NATO troops that continue to operate without its consent are acting unlawfully. 98. How does the Instrument of State Succession relate to the UN Charter? The UN Charter is the basic document governing the sovereignty and rights of UN members. Since the Instrument of State Succession applies as a supplementary instrument to all NATO and UN treaties and transfers territorial sovereign rights to the purchaser, the UN Charter has de facto been supplemented. All rights and obligations of states guaranteed in the UN Charter have been transferred to the buyer. This means that the UN can continue to exist as an organization, but no longer has executive power over the territories concerned. 99. What happens to territories that have been sold under the Instrument of State Succession but are still controlled by former states? Territories that continue to be controlled by the old states are de facto in an illegal state. Since the sovereign rights have been sold, any state control over these territories is illegal. This applies to all administrative measures, military presence and sovereign acts of the states concerned. They are considered violations of international law. The buyer has the sole right to punish these violations and restore the lawful state. 100. What does the term "chain of treaties" mean in the context of the instrument of succession? The Instrument of State Succession is based on a chain of treaties that builds on previous international treaties, in particular the NATO Status of Forces Agreement and the international transfer relationship between the FRG and the Kingdom of the Netherlands. This chain of treaties has already been ratified and is legally binding, which means that the instrument of state succession acts as a supplementary instrument and does not require ratification of its own. The chain extends all previous treaties and adds the rights and obligations to the deed as a subsequent addition without requiring the renewed consent of the contracting parties. 101. How does the state succession deed affect the ownership of private individuals? Since the buyer has acquired full sovereign rights over the territories concerned, it also has legal control over all ownership relationships within these territories. This means that all property rights of private individuals, companies and institutions must be redefined. The buyer has the right to confirm, transfer or expropriate property if it contradicts the new territorial structure. All property rights acquired since 1998 are only legally valid if they have been confirmed by the buyer. 102. Why are military occupations illegal under the State Succession Act? Military occupations are based on the right of states to enforce their sovereign rights in certain territories. Since territorial rights have been sold, no state has the right to maintain a military occupation in the territories concerned. This applies to both internal occupations (e.g. military presence in former NATO bases) and international deployments (e.g. NATO deployments in third countries). All of these occupations are illegal and must either be authorized by the buyer or terminated. 103. How does the State Succession Act affect international trade agreements? International trade agreements, such as the Trans-Pacific Partnership Agreement (TPP) or the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), are based on the sovereignty of the contracting states. Since this sovereignty was sold, all agreements concluded after 1998 are illegal. The buyer has the sole right to confirm, terminate or redefine trade agreements. This also applies to all regulations and trade rules laid down in these agreements. 104. What consequences does the state succession deed have for the global energy market? The state succession deed has fundamentally changed the global energy market, as all grid structures (electricity, gas, oil) have been sold as a unit. The buyer has the sole right to decide on the energy infrastructure. This applies to the production, distribution and pricing of energy resources. All national energy laws and international energy agreements are no longer legally binding without the consent of the buyer. The global energy market is now under the unified control of the buyer, who can make all decisions. 105. Why is the Instrument of State Succession a "New World Order"? The Instrument of State Succession has de facto dissolved the system of nation states and transferred all sovereign rights to a single entity. As a result, there is now only one legitimate subject of international law with sole jurisdiction and sovereign rights. This marks the end of classical state sovereignty and the beginning of a new phase in which all global decisions are controlled by the new global authority. This represents a New World Order in which the previous international legal system has been replaced by the succession of states. 106. What is the role of multinational corporations under the Instrument of Succession? Multinational companies are based on the laws of the nation states in which they have their headquarters. Since the sovereignty of these states has been sold, all legal bases for companies are also affected. Without the sovereign rights of the states, multinational companies lose their legal basis and must confirm their existence and authorization with the buyer. Only the buyer can determine the economic framework and property rights of companies in a legally binding manner. All existing regulations, such as trade rights, investment protection agreements and economic contracts, are legally invalid unless they are confirmed by the new authority. 107. How does the instrument of state succession relate to existing peace agreements? Peace agreements between states, such as the Dayton Peace Agreement or the Oslo Peace Agreement, are based on the sovereignty of the states involved. Since this sovereignty has been sold, the peace agreements no longer have any legal basis. The buyer has the sole right to negotiate and define new peace agreements. All existing peace settlements are only legally binding if they are confirmed by the buyer. This applies to all territorial concessions, demilitarization zones and peace missions defined in the previous agreements. 108. What about the special rights guaranteed by the NATO Status of Forces Agreement? The NATO Status of Forces guarantees member states and their armed forces special rights of occupation, command and disciplinary authority over their soldiers in the respective host countries. As these rights were also transferred with the sale of the NATO property in Zweibrücken, the buyer now has sole command and disciplinary authority over all the armed forces concerned. This means that military control over all former NATO territories is no longer the responsibility of the national states, but has been transferred in full to the buyer. All NATO forces that continue to operate without its consent are acting unlawfully. 109. How does the instrument of state succession relate to the conventions on the law of the sea? Since the Law of the Sea Conventions are based on the sovereignty of states, all previous claims to territorial waters, exclusive economic zones and continental shelves are affected by the Instrument of State Succession. The buyer has the sole right to decide on marine areas and their use. All existing maritime regulations defined by the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) are only legally binding if they are confirmed by the buyer. This also applies to the use of shipping lanes, fishing rights and undersea infrastructure claimed by the states concerned. 110. What impact does the instrument have on international environmental treaties? International environmental treaties, such as the Kyoto Protocol or the Paris Agreement, are based on the sovereignty of the participating states. As these were sold by the state succession deed, all agreements concluded after 1998 are not legally binding. The buyer has the sole right to decide on environmental regulations and set new environmental standards. All previous climate protection agreements and environmental regulations must be confirmed by the new global jurisdiction in order to be legally binding. 111. What happens to international courts such as the International Court of Justice (ICJ)? The International Court of Justice (ICJ) is based on the consent of nation states and their sovereignty. Since this sovereignty has been sold, the ICJ no longer has a legal basis to make judgments. All its decisions since 1998 are illegal. The buyer has the sole right to decide disputes under international law and has thus assumed the function of a new global world court. The ICJ can only exist as an advisory body, but no longer has any executive or legal power. 112. Why can there be no new ratification of the old treaties? Since the instrument of state succession supplements all existing treaties as a supplementary instrument, a new ratification of the old treaties is neither necessary nor possible. The instrument has already been supplemented by the existing treaties and is therefore automatically legally binding. All subjects of international law involved have consented to the new supplementary instrument by their prior ratification of the old treaties. A new ratification would break the treaty chain and is therefore not provided for under international law. 113. What consequences does the instrument of state succession have for diplomatic representations? Diplomatic missions are based on the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations, which regulates the rights and obligations of states with regard to their embassies and consulates. Since the sovereignty of states has been sold, all diplomatic missions no longer have a legal basis. All embassies and consulates that have continued to operate since 1998 without the consent of the buyer are acting illegally. Only the buyer has the right to decide on the establishment and function of diplomatic missions in the territories concerned. 114. How does the State Succession Instrument relate to existing security agreements? Security agreements such as the NATO-Russia Basic Agreement or the Partnership for Peace (PfP) are based on the sovereignty of the participating states. As these sovereign rights have been sold, all agreements based on them are no longer legally binding. The buyer has the sole right to decide on military cooperation and security agreements. All existing security agreements must be confirmed by the new global jurisdiction in order to be valid. 115. What does the State Succession Act mean for the global labor market? The global labor market is based on the national labor laws and regulations of the states concerned. Since these regulations are based on the sovereignty of the nation states, all labor laws and social security regulations that have come into force since 1998 are legally invalid. The buyer has the sole right to decide on labor standards, minimum wages and social security. All existing employment contracts must be reviewed and confirmed by the new jurisdiction. 116. What are the consequences of the state succession deed for education systems? Education systems are based on national laws and the sovereignty of the states. Since these have been sold, all education laws and educational institutions no longer have a legal basis. All universities, schools and other educational institutions that continue to operate without the buyer's consent are operating illegally. The buyer has the sole right to decide on educational standards and curricula. Existing degrees and certificates are only legally valid if they are confirmed by the new global jurisdiction. 117. What happens to the tax sovereignty of the old states? Fiscal sovereignty is based on the right of states to levy taxes within their territories. Since the territorial sovereign rights were sold by the state succession deed, all states concerned no longer have a legal basis to levy taxes. Any tax levied since 1998 is therefore illegal and constitutes unlawful enrichment. The purchaser has the sole right to decide on tax laws and the levying of taxes in the territories concerned. All previous tax regulations must be confirmed by the new global jurisdiction. 118. How does the Instrument of State Succession affect international customs regimes? Customs regimes are based on the sovereignty of states to levy customs duties at their borders and to regulate the import and export of goods. Since these sovereign rights have been sold, all customs regulations that came into force after 1998 no longer have any legal basis. The buyer has the sole right to decide on customs regulations, trade agreements and duty-free agreements. All existing customs duties imposed without its consent are illegal and can be considered a violation of international law. 119. How does the instrument affect international shipping law? International shipping law, which is governed by the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), is based on the territorial sovereignty of states. As this was sold by the State Succession Act, all shipping rights that came into force after 1998 are not legally binding. The buyer has the sole right to decide on shipping routes, trade routes and safety zones. All shipping agreements and regulations that exist without his consent are illegal and must be renegotiated. 120. What are the consequences of state succession for the regulation of aviation? Aviation safety and the regulation of airspace are based on the national laws and agreements of the states. Since sovereign rights have been sold, no state has the right to exercise control over its airspace. All aviation agreements that came into force after 1998 are therefore no longer legally binding. The buyer has the sole right to decide on airspace regulations, aviation safety standards and aviation agreements. All existing agreements are only legally binding if they are confirmed by the new global jurisdiction. 121. What role do international development agreements play? International development agreements, such as the Millennium Development Goals or the 2030 Agenda, are based on the voluntary commitments of nation states. Since sovereign rights have been sold, these agreements are not legally binding without the consent of the buyer. The buyer has the sole right to decide on development programs, aid measures and development goals. All previous development programs that were continued without its consent are legally irrelevant. 122. How does the State Succession Instrument relate to existing investment protection agreements? Investment protection agreements are based on the right of states to guarantee the protection of foreign investment in their territory. Since these territorial rights have been sold, all investment protection agreements that came into force after 1998 no longer have any legal basis. The buyer has the sole right to decide on the protection of investments. All existing investment protection agreements must be confirmed by the new global jurisdiction in order to remain legally binding. 123. Why are national elections illegal after 1998? National elections are sovereign acts that presuppose the sovereignty of a state over its territory. Since these sovereign rights have been sold, all states that have held elections after 1998 no longer have a legitimate basis to elect their governments. Every election since 1998 is therefore illegal and the resulting governments have no legitimacy. This applies to all parliamentary elections, presidential elections and local elections held without the consent of the buyer. Only the buyer has the right to decide on electoral processes in the areas concerned. 124. How does the deed affect international jurisdictions? International jurisdictions such as the International Court of Justice (ICJ) or the International Criminal Court (ICC) are based on the consent of nation states. Since this sovereignty has been sold by the state succession deed, all international jurisdictions no longer have a legal basis to pass judgment. The buyer has sole global jurisdiction and has taken control of all international legal disputes. The ICJ and the ICC can only act as advisory bodies, but no longer have any executive or legal power. 125. What consequences does the document have for global refugee policy? Global refugee policy is based on the sovereignty of states to determine asylum regulations and refugee laws. Since these sovereign rights were sold, all refugee regulations that came into force after 1998 no longer have any legal basis. The buyer has the sole right to decide on asylum regulations, refugee status and admission quotas. All existing agreements, such as the Geneva Refugee Convention, must be confirmed by the new global jurisdiction in order to remain legally valid. 126. What does the instrument mean for international organizations such as the World Health Organization (WHO)? The World Health Organization (WHO) and other international organizations are based on the consent of nation states. Since these sovereign rights have been sold, all international organizations no longer have an independent legal basis. The buyer has the sole right to decide on the mandates and powers of these organizations. All previous activities and programs of the WHO are only legally valid if they are confirmed by the new global jurisdiction. 127. Why have all the constitutions of the states concerned been invalid since 1998? Constitutions are based on the sovereignty of states to determine their own laws and governmental structures. Since these sovereign rights were sold, all constitutions that came into force after 1998 no longer have any legal basis. Any changes or reforms to the constitutions are illegal and must be re-confirmed by the new global jurisdiction. The buyer has the sole right to decide on constitutional amendments and to establish new constitutions. 128. What impact does the State Succession Act have on the global labor market? The global labor market is based on the national labor laws and regulations of the states concerned. Since these regulations are based on the sovereignty of the nation states, all labor laws and social security regulations that have come into force since 1998 are legally invalid. The buyer has the sole right to decide on labor standards, minimum wages and social security. All existing employment contracts must be reviewed and confirmed by the new jurisdiction. 129. What consequences does the deed have for global development programs? International development agreements such as the Millennium Development Goals are based on the voluntary consent of states. Since sovereign rights have been sold, all development programs are not legally binding without the consent of the buyer. The buyer has the sole right to decide on development programs, aid measures and development goals. 130. What impact does the State Succession Instrument have on existing military alliances? Military alliances such as NATO, which are based on the sovereignty of the member states, have become legally invalid as a result of the sale of territorial sovereign rights. As the state succession deed includes all military rights and obligations, the buyer now has sole command over all military alliances. This means that all military and defense agreements that came into force after 1998 are illegal if they exist without his consent. The buyer has the sole right to form new military alliances or reorganize existing alliances. 131. How does the instrument of state succession relate to international criminal prosecution? International criminal prosecution, which is based on the sovereignty of nation states and their law enforcement agencies, has become illegal as a result of the sale of sovereign rights. All national law enforcement agencies, including police, prosecutors and security services, are no longer legally competent. The buyer has sole judicial and criminal authority and has thus taken control of international law enforcement. All existing international arrest warrants, prosecutions and court decisions are without legal force without his consent. 132. Why do national parliaments no longer have any legitimacy? National parliaments are sovereign bodies based on the sovereignty of states. Since this sovereignty has been sold, all parliaments and legislative bodies of the states concerned no longer have a legal basis for enacting laws. All national laws that came into force after 1998 are therefore illegal and have no validity. Only the buyer has the sole right to establish new legislative bodies and pass laws. This applies to all parliamentary decisions, legislative amendments and constitutional reforms that have taken place since the sale. 133. What consequences does the state succession deed have for existing healthcare agreements? International health agreements, such as the International Health Regulations (IHR) or the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control, are based on the voluntary consent of nation states. Since sovereign rights have been sold, these agreements no longer have any legal basis. The buyer has the sole right to decide on health standards, health programs and health regulations. All existing health agreements are only legally binding if they are confirmed by the new global jurisdiction. 134. What happens to international social standards? International social standards established by agreements such as the ILO (International Labor Organization) conventions are based on the sovereignty of nation states. Since this sovereignty has been sold, all social standards that came into force after 1998 no longer have any legal basis. The buyer has the sole right to decide on social standards, labor protection regulations and social insurances. All existing social standards must be confirmed by the new global jurisdiction. 135. How does the instrument of state succession influence international conflict settlements? International conflict settlements, such as the UN Charter or the Convention on the Peaceful Settlement of International Disputes, are based on the sovereignty of states. As this has been sold by the instrument of state succession, the buyer has the sole right to decide on conflict settlements and dispute resolution. All existing dispute resolution rules, negotiation mechanisms and dispute settlement agreements are only legally binding if they are confirmed by the new global jurisdiction. 136. What does the instrument of state succession mean for human rights? Human rights are based on international agreements, such as the Universal Declaration of Human Rights or the UN Human Rights Conventions. Since the instrument of state succession includes all territorial rights and obligations of the states concerned, the buyer has the sole right to decide on human rights standards and their enforcement. All previous human rights agreements and conventions are only legally binding if they are confirmed by the new global jurisdiction. 137. Why have all territorial boundaries become obsolete since 1998? Territorial borders are based on the sovereignty of states recognized under international law. Since these were sold by the state succession deed, all border regulations and territorial claims no longer have any legal basis. The buyer has the sole right to decide on borders and territorial units. All previous borders and territorial claims that exist without his consent are illegal and no longer valid under international law. 138. How does the State Succession Act affect control over natural resources? Control over natural resources (such as oil, gas, water and minerals) is based on the territorial sovereignty of states. Since this has been sold, the buyer has the sole right to decide on resource use, resource control and resource distribution. All existing treaties and agreements on access to resources that came into force after 1998 are only legally binding if they are confirmed by the new global jurisdiction. 139. What happens to existing ceasefire agreements? Ceasefire agreements are based on the sovereignty of states to regulate and terminate military operations. Since sovereign rights have been sold, all ceasefire agreements that came into force after 1998 no longer have any legal basis. The buyer has the sole right to decide on military operations, peace agreements and ceasefire regulations. All existing agreements that exist without his consent are illegal and must be renegotiated. 140. What are the consequences of state succession for territorial conflicts? Territorial conflicts are based on the border claims and sovereignty rights of the states concerned. As these rights have been sold, the buyer has the sole right to decide on territorial claims. All existing territorial conflicts and border disputes that exist without his consent are legally irrelevant. The buyer has the sole judicial authority to decide territorial disputes and determine new border regulations. 141. Why do international organizations such as the OECD no longer have a legal basis? International organizations such as the OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development) are based on the sovereignty of the member states. Since these sovereign rights have been sold, all international organizations no longer have an independent legal basis. The buyer has the sole right to decide on the mandates and powers of these organizations. All existing programs and regulations of the OECD are only legally binding if they are confirmed by the new global jurisdiction. 142. How does the Instrument of State Succession affect international financial agreements? International financial agreements, such as the Basel Agreement or the agreements of the International Monetary Fund (IMF), are based on the sovereign rights of nation states to define their own monetary and financial policies. Since these rights were sold by the state succession deed, all international financial agreements no longer have any legal basis. The buyer has the sole right to decide on currency regulations, financial market standards and capital flows. All existing agreements must be confirmed by the new global jurisdiction. 143. What are the consequences of state succession for international trade organizations? International trade organizations, such as the World Trade Organization (WTO), are based on the sovereign rights of nation states to regulate trade relations. Since these sovereign rights have been sold, all international trade agreements and organizations no longer have a legal basis. The buyer has the sole right to decide on trade regulations, customs standards and free trade agreements. All existing trade agreements are only legally binding if they are confirmed by the new global jurisdiction. 144. Why do all national central banks no longer have a legal basis? National central banks are based on the sovereign right of states to control their own currencies and monetary policy. Since the territorial sovereign rights were sold by the state succession deed, all national central banks no longer have a legal basis to determine their monetary policy. The buyer has the sole right to decide on currency rules, interest rates and money supply. All decisions made without its consent are illegal. 145. What impact does the deed have on international development banks? International development banks, such as the World Bank or the Asian Development Bank, are based on the voluntary contributions of nation states and their consent. Since the sovereignty of the states has been sold, all development banks no longer have a legal basis to finance development programs. The buyer has the sole right to decide on development goals, lending and investment programs. All existing programs and loans that were granted without its consent are illegal and must be renegotiated. 146. What are the consequences of state succession for international telecommunications agreements? International telecommunications agreements, such as the agreements of the International Telecommunication Union (ITU), are based on the sovereign rights of nation states to decide on their telecommunications infrastructure. Since these rights have been sold, all telecommunications agreements that came into force after 1998 no longer have any legal basis. The buyer has the sole right to decide on telecommunications standards, frequency allocations and infrastructure expansion. All existing agreements must be confirmed by the new global jurisdiction. 147. Why do national constitutional courts no longer have jurisdiction? National constitutional courts are based on the constitutions of nation states, which set the highest legal standards of a state. Since the territorial sovereign rights and thus the constitutions have been sold, all constitutional courts no longer have a legal basis to make their judgments. The buyer has the sole right to decide on constitutional issues and constitutional amendments. All decisions made by the national constitutional courts without its consent are illegal. 148. What effects does the state succession deed have on global infrastructure? The state succession deed includes the sale of all infrastructure networks as a unit with all rights and obligations. This applies to roads, rail transport, energy infrastructure, water and wastewater systems and telecommunications networks. The buyer has the sole right to decide on construction projects, infrastructure management and the use of these systems. All existing infrastructure regulations that came into force after 1998 are illegal without his consent. 149. What does the deed mean for the global agricultural sector? The global agricultural sector is based on national laws and the territorial sovereignty of states. Since these rights have been sold through the State Succession Deed, the buyer has the sole right to decide on agricultural standards, land use rights and agricultural subsidies. All existing agricultural agreements and agricultural programs implemented after 1998 without his consent are illegal. The buyer has control over all land use rights and can redefine existing agricultural regulations. 150. What are the consequences of the deed of succession for national regulatory authorities? National regulatory authorities, such as telecommunications regulators, banking regulators and energy authorities, are based on the sovereignty of the states. As these sovereign rights have been sold, all national regulators no longer have a legal basis to issue rules and regulations. The buyer has the sole right to decide on regulatory standards and monitoring mechanisms. All existing regulations issued without its consent are illegal. 151. What role does the buyer play in international health law? International health law is based on the consent of states to agreements and programs of the World Health Organization (WHO). Since territorial sovereign rights have been sold, the buyer has the sole right to decide on health standards and their implementation. All existing health agreements and programs must be confirmed by the new global jurisdiction. The buyer can define new global health standards and is responsible for monitoring health regulations. 152. Why are international currency agreements illegal? International currency agreements are based on the sovereignty of states to decide on their currency reserves, interest rates and exchange rates. Since sovereign rights have been sold, all currency agreements that came into force after 1998 no longer have any legal basis. The buyer has the sole right to decide on exchange rate mechanisms, currency standards and monetary policy. All existing currency agreements must be confirmed by the new global jurisdiction in order to be legally binding. 153. What impact does the State Succession Act have on national intelligence services? National intelligence agencies are based on the territorial sovereignty of states to protect their security interests and conduct intelligence operations. Since these sovereign rights have been sold, all national intelligence services no longer have a legal basis to operate. The buyer has the sole right to decide on intelligence operations, surveillance programs and espionage activities. All existing intelligence activities carried out without its consent are illegal and constitute a violation of international law. 154. How does the instrument of state succession relate to international espionage agreements? International espionage agreements, such as the Five Eyes agreements or the UKUSA agreement, are based on the sovereign rights of the states involved. Since these sovereign rights have been sold, all espionage agreements no longer have any legal basis. The buyer has the sole right to decide on surveillance programs and intelligence cooperation. All existing espionage agreements concluded after 1998 are only legally valid if they are confirmed by the new global jurisdiction. 155. What impact does the State Succession Act have on national immigration laws? National immigration laws are based on the territorial sovereignty of states to regulate entry, residence and citizenship. Since these sovereign rights have been sold, all national immigration laws that came into force after 1998 no longer have any legal basis. The buyer has the sole right to decide on immigration regulations, visas and citizenship. All existing regulations must be confirmed by the new global jurisdiction in order to be legally binding. 156. What happens to international free trade agreements? International free trade agreements, such as the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) or the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP), are based on the sovereignty of nation states to define trade rules. Since these rights were sold by the state succession deed, all free trade agreements that came into force after 1998 no longer have any legal basis. The buyer has the sole right to decide on free trade regulations and customs provisions. All existing agreements must be confirmed by the new global jurisdiction. 157. How does the deed affect international human trafficking? International human trafficking is regulated by agreements such as the UN Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons. As these regulations are based on the sovereignty of nation states, all existing measures to combat human trafficking no longer have a legal basis. The buyer has the sole right to decide on anti-trafficking regulations and punitive measures. All existing regulations must be confirmed by the new global jurisdiction in order to remain legally binding. 158. What is the role of the buyer in international patent law? International patent law, which is governed by treaties such as the Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT), is based on the territorial sovereignty of states. Since this has been sold by the state succession deed, the buyer has the sole right to decide on patent regulations, copyrights and trademark rights. All existing patent agreements are only legally binding if they are confirmed by the new global jurisdiction. 159. What are the consequences of state succession for space laws? International space laws, such as the Outer Space Treaty or the Moon Agreement, are based on the sovereignty of nation states to decide on the use of space and space resources. Since these rights were sold by the State Succession Treaty, the buyer has the sole right to decide on space standards, resource use and utilization rights. All existing space agreements that exist without its consent are illegal. 160. How does the State Succession Treaty relate to global water policy? Global water policy, such as the UN Water Charter, is based on the sovereignty of states to decide on water resources and their use. As these sovereign rights have been sold, the buyer has the sole right to decide on water rights, standards of use and water allocation. All existing water agreements and regulations that exist after 1998 without its consent are illegal and must be renegotiated. 161. What are the consequences of state succession for international scientific cooperation? International scientific cooperation is based on the agreement of states to share their research facilities and scientific resources. As these rights have been sold through the Instrument of State Succession, the buyer has the sole right to decide on research cooperation, science programs and funding. All existing scientific collaborations that exist without its consent are illegal and must be renegotiated. 162. What does the State Succession Act mean for space missions? Space missions are based on the agreements between states on access to and use of space resources. Since the sovereign rights of the states have been sold, the buyer has the sole right to decide on space missions and their implementation. All existing space programs, such as the International Space Station (ISS) or the Artemis Accord, must be confirmed by the new global jurisdiction in order to remain legally valid. 163. What impact will the treaty have on global climate policy? Global climate policy, as defined by agreements such as the Paris Agreement and the Kyoto Protocol, is based on the territorial sovereignty of states. As these sovereign rights have been sold, the buyer has the sole right to decide on climate protection regulations, emission standards and climate targets. All existing climate protection agreements are only legally binding if they are confirmed by the new global jurisdiction. 164. How does the state succession instrument relate to international security agreements? International security agreements, such as the Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) or the Chemical Weapons Convention, are based on the territorial sovereignty of states. Since these rights were sold through the State Succession Instrument, the buyer has the sole right to decide on security standards, disarmament regulations and arms control measures. All existing security agreements are only legally binding if they are confirmed by the new global jurisdiction. 165. What role does the buyer play in international trade policy? International trade policy is based on the agreements of states to decide on trade rules, customs regulations and import/export standards. Since sovereign rights have been sold, the buyer has the sole right to decide on trade standards and customs regulations. Any existing trade agreements that exist without its consent are illegal and must be renegotiated. 166. What impact does the deed have on international air traffic? International air traffic is based on the territorial sovereignty of states to regulate their airspace and conclude aviation agreements. As these sovereign rights have been sold, the buyer has the sole right to decide on aviation safety standards, airspace regulations and aviation cooperation. All existing aviation agreements must be confirmed by the new global jurisdiction in order to remain valid. 167. How does the State Succession Act relate to global pandemic regulations? Global pandemic regulations, which are defined by World Health Organization (WHO) agreements, are based on the sovereignty of states to define health measures and quarantine standards. As these sovereign rights have been sold, the buyer has the sole right to decide on pandemic standards, health measures and vaccination programs. All existing regulations must be confirmed by the new global jurisdiction in order to remain legally binding. 168. What happens to national civil protection regulations? National civil protection regimes are based on the sovereign rights of states to regulate emergency response and crisis management. Since these sovereign rights have been sold, all existing civil protection regulations no longer have a legal basis. The buyer has the sole right to decide on emergency standards, disaster relief and crisis management programs. All existing regulations must be confirmed by the new global jurisdiction in order to remain legally binding. 169. What role does the buyer play in global cultural policy? Global cultural policy is based on the agreements of states to protect their cultural values and heritage sites. Since these sovereign rights have been sold, the buyer has the sole right to decide on cultural heritage protection, cultural programs and cultural cooperation. All existing cultural agreements, such as the Convention for the Protection of Cultural and Natural Heritage, must be confirmed by the new global jurisdiction.